上古至中古「孰與」語義及表達功能新解－參照語體的解釋

A New Interpretation of the Meaning of ＂Shuyu＂ from Ancient to Medieval China: An Explanation with Reference to Linguistic Register

周世平(Chou Shih-ping)

《中國文學研究》 49期 (2020/02) Pp. 75-109

https://doi.org/10.29419/SICL.202002_(49).0003

摘要

上古漢語常見用「孰與」連接兩比較項供受話人比較、選擇。而過去對於「孰與」這一結構的來源、表達語義都還有可待商榷處。本文一方面從疑問代詞「孰」本身的特性以及說話人的認知機制解釋「孰與」結構的產生；另一方面考察「孰與」的語義及使用特性，並從語體的角度解釋了何以過去學者多認為「孰與」可以表達反詰，卻無法準確判斷說話人的意向是選擇「孰與」的前項還是後項，這和這類「孰與」所在的議論語體有關。文中區分了三種「孰與」的使用情境：無知之問、引導之問及有問無答的引導之問。本研究進一步探索「孰與」結構形成的可能性，也更為清楚地描繪了「孰與」的使用特性，並從旁證明引入語體參數對於語法研究的重要性。

關鍵字

孰與 ； 選擇連詞 ； 語體 ； 反詰 ； 比較

並列摘要

＂Shuyu＂ (孰與) is a commonly used conversation structure in Archaic Chinese. It was used when the speaker provides two choices for the addressee to compare and select. However, the origin and sematic expression of the structure still have much room for discussion. This paper aims to explain the formation of the structure of ＂Shuyu,＂ through the characteristic of the pronoun ＂shu＂ used in questioning and the cognitive mechanism of the speaker. On the other hand, it also seeks to discuss the sematic and usage features of ＂shuyu＂, and from the perspective of linguistic register, explain why even though past discussions believe that ＂shuyu＂ can be used to express a rhetorical question, but yet cannot determine whether the speaker's intent is skewed towards the first or second choice. This is due to the argumentative style of the question when ＂shuyu＂ is used. Three usage scenarios of ＂Shuyu＂ is listed in this paper: Questioning when the speaker is clueless, questioning as a motive leading to further discussion and questioning without the intent of an answer. This research further explores possibilities of how the structure of ＂shuyu＂ has been formed, clearly describing its application features, and highlighting the importance of referring to linguistic register during grammatical research.

並列關鍵字

＂Shuyu＂ ； alternative-question conjunction ； linguistic register ； rhetorical question ； comparison

參考文獻

劉承慧：〈先秦書面語的小句合成體──與現代書面語的比較研究〉，《清華中文學報》第 4 期，2010 年 12 月，頁 143-184。DOI: 10.6466/THJCL.201012.0143

漢‧劉向集錄，范祥雍箋證，范邦瑾協校：《戰國策箋證》，上海：上海古籍出版社，2006 年。

漢‧劉向著，向宗魯校正：《說苑校證》，北京：中華書局，1987 年。

漢‧王充著，黃暉校釋：《論衡校釋（附劉盼遂集解）》，北京：中華書局，1990 年。

漢‧公羊壽傳，何休解詁，唐‧徐彥疏：《十三經注疏‧公羊傳注疏》，臺北：藝文印書館，2013 年。