論杜預「公即位例」的發義方法及其對漢儒舊說的評價

杜預《春秋》學著作，流傳至今較完整者有《春秋經傳集解》與《春秋釋例》，二者一經一緯，共同展現杜預《春秋》學說的整體樣貌。考察《春秋釋例》，相較於《集解》對經、傳的隨文注釋，《釋例》則羅列經、傳資料，歸納《春秋》之例，再藉由例闡發《春秋》大義。以「公即位例」為討論中心，是以此例為保存較完整的篇章，亦是引用較多漢儒舊說的一篇，可資比較。經過分析，此例同時包含舊例與變例的性質，其中羅列諸侯朝正之事，目的在凸顯朝正所代表的意義，是諸侯行使君權的象徵之一，以此論證隱公身分，證明《春秋》雖不書隱公即位，《左傳》只言「攝也」，然而魯隱公確行君事，實為國君，使「公即位例」能通。而「公即位例」中漢儒與杜預對例的解釋，他們都依據《左傳》敘事解釋《春秋》，最大差異在於，漢儒針對《春秋》不書即位例，匯集《左傳》相關之敘事，著重其中的解經術語，歸納敘事跟術語展現的意義，區分層次，發明《春秋》，認為不書即位呈現兩種意義；杜預建立其取事原則，且認為一例應該旁通多個相同書法的經文，認定《左傳》是解經之書，只有《春秋》有例，不應為《左傳》術語生例，《春秋》不書即位之例，不因《左傳》不同解釋術語而有所差異。

關鍵字

杜預；春秋釋例；劉歆；賈逵；潁容

並列摘要

This article is an examination of the ways in which Du Yu arranged and explained the meaning of Chunqiu in his The Explanations of Principles of Chunqiu. Du Yu explained Chunqiu was identifying principles therein; he established several principles which, together, founded his own theory of the text. In order to discuss Du Yu's theory, this text uses ＂The principle of public accession to the throne＂ as an example of the principles Du Yu identified in Chunqiu. This article finds that, prior to Du Yu, there were already some Han dynasty Confucian scholars who explained Chunqiu in a similar way. However, Du Yu did not simply repeat these scholars' ideas, and instead accepted some of them while disputing others. His disagreements were mostly based in the fact that some of the scholars in question did not explain Chunqiu by way of Zuozhuan, and instead chose other approaches.