試論上古四聲

Traditionally there were four tone classes in Ancient Chinese (circa 601 A.D.): (I) the even tone 平聲, (II) the rising tone 上聲, (III) the going tone 去聲, and (IV) the entering tone 入聲. Since tone class IV-the entering tone-consists entirely of words ending in voiceless stops -p, -t, -k, this class was actually in complementary distribution with one of the other classes, probably class III (the going tone). So far as tones in Archaic Chinese (circa 1027 B.C.-221 B.C.) are concerned, there are different opinions among modern scholars. Professor Tung T'ung-ho and other scholars think there were three phonemic tones in Archaic Chinese, tone class III and tone class IV being the same in contour or register; tone class IV (the entering tone) consisted of words ending in -p, -t, -k, while the other tone classes consisted of words ending in -m, on, -ng, -b, -d, -g or with no consonantal ending at all. On the contrary, according to Professor Wang Li, words in Archaic Chinese were phonologically divided into two categories: words of tone class III and class IV ended in -p, -t, -k, while words of class I and class II did not end in -p, -t, -K. Furthermore, tone classes within each category were differentiated by vowel length: words of class I and class III had long vowels while words of class II and class IV had short vowels. Words of the four tone classes in Archaic Chinese were recognized by endings and vowel length, but not by tones at all.

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試論上古四聲

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