一九二○年代中國的政治思潮

The Flood of Political ldeas in China During the 1920's

張玉法(Chang Yu-fa)

《中國文化研究所學報》 新7期 (1998/01) Pp. 133-151

https://doi.org/10.29708/JCS.CUHK.199801_(7).0006

並列摘要

During the 1920's, several competitive political, ideas prevailed in China, namely socialism, nationalism, liberalism, conservatism, and Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People. These political ideas were originated from the former decades; they became moe and more important during, the 1920's because some of them, reinforced by the May Fourth Movement, attracted more and more believers than before. These believers founded or had founded political parties to propagate such ideas. Socialism was introduced into China in the late nineteenth century. There were different programs of socialism. Anarchism first got its believers in China among the revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen who began his revolutionary activities in 1894. Then came communism and guild socialism which got their believers separately during the May Fourth period. After the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921, however, communism became the main stream of socialism. Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People were first propagated in the early 1900's. The first principle is concerned about nationalism; the second, about democracy; and the third, about livelihood. Partly because of his cooperation with the warlords and bureaucrats, Sun Yat-sen toned down his Three Principles in the early 1910's. During the May Fourth and post-May Fourth era, Sun found that the active young patriots needed a program for action. For the sake of enlisting the young patriots into his party, Sun once again took more time to enrich his Three Principles and to propagate them in newspapers and petiodicals. In an age of China's national humiliation, Sun Yat-sen's nationalism attracted a group of young intellectuals, who even went farther than Sun for the sake of protecting China from being partitioned by the Powers. In 1923, a flock of bandits kidnapped train passengers at the Lincheng station in Shandong province, and some of the kidnapped passengers were foreigners. At this moment, the foreign imperialists proclaimed that the Chinese Government had no ability to govern China and China should be governed by the Powers. Under these circumstances, a group of young intellectuals in Paris founded the Chinese Youth Party and took nationalism as the only direction of their action. As there were different ism-believers among the partisans, there were different ism-believers among intellectuals. Some of the intellectuals sided with liberalism and some others, conservatism. The liberals thought that the Government governed the people too much; they tried to set up a constitutional Government and fight for freedom and human rights. The conservatives thought that the Government changed China's institutions too much; they tried to preserve some of the traditional institutions to supplement the modenm ones. Both opponents expressed their opinions in different media and through different channels, but got little response. After years of competition, each of the political ideas got a multitude of people to believe. The Kuomintang, believer of the Three Principles, came to power in 1928. Since then, the Three Principles of the People got more chance to be propagated and fulfilled. The Chinese Communist Party, believer of communism, became the main opposition, and communism still had chance to be propagated and fulfilled, especially in some places of the countryside fallen under the sway of the Chinese Communist Party. When the KMT and CCP became more and more competitive in the 1930's and 1940's, the Anarchists members of the Chinese Youth Party, and part of the liberals and conservatives sided with the KMT, and the guild socialists, as well as the other part of the liberals and conservatiyes sided with the CCP. It seems that there were no choice for the independents when the powerful man who had taken power of the nation asked for their allegiance.During the 1920's, several competitive political, ideas prevailed in China, namely socialism, nationalism, liberalism, conservatism, and Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People. These political ideas were originated from the former decades; they became moe and more important during, the 1920's because some of them, reinforced by the May Fourth Movement, attracted more and more believers than before. These believers founded or had founded political parties to propagate such ideas. Socialism was introduced into China in the late nineteenth century. There were different programs of socialism. Anarchism first got its believers in China among the revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen who began his revolutionary activities in 1894. Then came communism and guild socialism which got their believers separately during the May Fourth period. After the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921, however, communism became the main stream of socialism. Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People were first propagated in the early 1900's. The first principle is concerned about nationalism; the second, about democracy; and the third, about livelihood. Partly because of his cooperation with the warlords and bureaucrats, Sun Yat-sen toned down his Three Principles in the early 1910's. During the May Fourth and post-May Fourth era, Sun found that the active young patriots needed a program for action. For the sake of enlisting the young patriots into his party, Sun once again took more time to enrich his Three Principles and to propagate them in newspapers and petiodicals. In an age of China's national humiliation, Sun Yat-sen's nationalism attracted a group of young intellectuals, who even went farther than Sun for the sake of protecting China from being partitioned by the Powers. In 1923, a flock of bandits kidnapped train passengers at the Lincheng station in Shandong province, and some of the kidnapped passengers were foreigners. At this moment, the foreign imperialists proclaimed that the Chinese Government had no ability to govern China and China should be governed by the Powers. Under these circumstances, a group of young intellectuals in Paris founded the Chinese Youth Party and took nationalism as the only direction of their action. As there were different ism-believers among the partisans, there were different ism-believers among intellectuals. Some of the intellectuals sided with liberalism and some others, conservatism. The liberals thought that the Government governed the people too much; they tried to set up a constitutional Government and fight for freedom and human rights. The conservatives thought that the Government changed China's institutions too much; they tried to preserve some of the traditional institutions to supplement the modenm ones. Both opponents expressed their opinions in different media and through different channels, but got little response. After years of competition, each of the political ideas got a multitude of people to believe. The Kuomintang, believer of the Three Principles, came to power in 1928. Since then, the Three Principles of the People got more chance to be propagated and fulfilled. The Chinese Communist Party, believer of communism, became the main opposition, and communism still had chance to be propagated and fulfilled, especially in some places of the countryside fallen under the sway of the Chinese Communist Party. When the KMT and CCP became more and more competitive in the 1930's and 1940's, the Anarchists members of the Chinese Youth Party, and part of the liberals and conservatives sided with the KMT, and the guild socialists, as well as the other part of the liberals and conservatiyes sided with the CCP. It seems that there were no choice for the independents when the powerful man who had taken power of the nation asked for their allegiance.