書法、史學、敘事、古文與比事屬辭：中國傳統敘事學之理論基礎

Expression of Judgement, Historiography, Narration, Ancient Chinese Prose, and Comparing Events and Categorizing Phrases: The Theoretical Foundation of Traditional Chinese Narratology

張高評(Chang Kao Ping)

《中國文化研究所學報》 64期 (2017/01) Pp. 1-33

https://doi.org/10.29708/JCS.CUHK.201701_(64).0001

摘要

研討中國傳統敘事學，學界多乞靈於西方之理論，關注情節之推動、形象之塑造、對話之穿插、觀點之提示、主題之凸顯等等。影響所及，促使學界錯失敘事學之話語權，罹患文化之「失語症」。其實，中國傳統敘事學有其文獻足徵之文本，源遠流長之作品，更有具體可行之學理基礎，足以重建敘事學之精神家園。章學誠〈論課蒙學文法〉云：「敘事之文，比事屬辭，《春秋》教也。」其〈上朱大司馬論文〉又稱：「古文必推敘事，敘事實出史學，其源本於《春秋》『比事屬辭』。」可見《春秋》比事屬辭，為探討敘事、史學、古文、書法之關鍵津筏。本文以《春秋》、《左傳》、《史記》三部經典為敘事傳統之濫觴，選擇章學誠、方苞、金聖歎、劉知幾之敘事學作為佐證，而歸本於「屬辭比事，《春秋》教也」之提示。然後知中國傳統敘事學，濫觴於《春秋》之紀事書法，體現為歷史之編纂學，一變為紀傳之表述，再變為敘事之藝術，三衍為古文之義法，要皆薪傳比事屬辭之《春秋》教。至於書法、史學、敘事、古文，有得於《春秋》教者有四：（一）筆削取捨，衍為詳略互見；（二）比事措置，化成先後位次；（三）約文屬辭，派生為虛實、顯晦、曲直、重輕諸修辭手法；（四）原始要終，張本繼末，演化為疏通知遠，安章布局。要之，中國傳統敘事學的重點，在「敘」，不在「事」。凡此，皆可作為中國傳統敘事學之理論基礎，而與西方敘事學重「事」，而較不重「敘」，有所不同。

關鍵字

敘事 ； 書法 ； 史學 ； 古文 ； 比事屬辭

並列摘要

To research traditional Chinese narratology, scholars usually use Western theories and focus on plots, images, dialogues, viewpoints, and themes. As a result, native Chinese scholars can only passively respond to Western theories of narratology. In fact, there are inherently plentiful documents, successive creations, and concrete groundworks of theories to rebuild traditional Chinese narratology. Moreover, the famous classicist Zhang Xuecheng in the Qing dynasty indicated that comparing events and categorizing phrases, the composing method of Chunqiu, is the key to investigate Chinese narration, historiography, ancient Chinese prose, and expression of judgement of writing. To prove Zhang’s outlook that comparing events and categorizing phrases is the core purpose of Chunqiu, this study considers Chunqiu, Zuozhuan, and Shiji as the origin of traditional Chinese narratology and uses the narrative studies of Zhang Xuecheng, Fang Bao, Jin Shengtan, and Liu Zhiji as proofs. Then we will find the historiography in the expression of judgement in Chunqiu affects the following compositions, showing diverse features of biographical expression, the art of narration, and rules and principles in ancient Chinese prose. In addition, we can find the influence of the core purposes of Chunqiu upon the expression of judgement, historiography, narration, and ancient Chinese prose: (1) the writing rule of accepting or rejecting historical data becomes the complementary way of detailed or abbreviated descriptions; (2) the written arrangement of historical events becomes the order of the writing sequence; (3) the writing skill of connecting words and categorizing phrases becomes various kinds of rhetorical technique; and (4) the historiographer's intention to carry forward the cause and forge ahead into the future becomes the style of arrangement, the geography of creation. In brief, traditional Chinese narratology values discursive presentation rather than the story itself. Therefore, we can figure out the difference between the theoretical foundation of traditional Chinese narratology and Western narratology which pays more attention to objective stories.

並列關鍵字

narration ； expression of judgement of writing ； historiography ； ancient Chinese prose ； comparing events and categorizing phrases