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壁畫、文本與政治:司馬承禎《真圖讚》與唐代淨土經變畫

Murals, Texts, and Politics: Sima Chengzhen's Zhentuzan and Tang Pure Land Sutra Illustrations

摘要


唐代道士司馬承禎(647-735)著有一卷本《上清侍帝晨桐柏真人真圖讚》(下稱《真圖讚》),為明代《正統道藏》所收。雖然關於《道藏》本《真圖讚》篇末畫作的繪製年代,前人已有一些頗為成熟的討論,但卻鮮有論者關注《真圖讚》主體文獻的成書問題與政治背景。解決司馬承禎《真圖讚》的成書問題,有助於我們進一步了解七世紀末八世紀初唐代皇室的宗教政策,特別是武后封禪嵩山、為周靈王太子晉立祠廟、刊刻〈昇仙太子碑〉等一系列政治宗教事件對道家文藝創作的影響。文章著重討論司馬承禎《真圖讚》的版本問題、創作緣起、著書時代;對比《真圖讚》圖繪與當時慕仙壁畫的繪彩特色和創製風尚的同質性,追溯武后及李唐王室在這一流行藝術風潮中所起到的推波助瀾作用。再者,《真圖讚》是在武曌統治後期佛教和道教藝術交互借鑑的之下創作完成的;本文通過道經故事腳本與佛經經變文體的對照,從《真圖讚》的經變元素中窺探盛唐時期淨土圖變對道經傳述方式的滲透和影響。

並列摘要


Opinions differ as to the genre of a Daoist text attributed to Sima Chengzhen (647-735) which contained illustrations. The main body of this work, Shangqing shi dichen Tongbo zhenren zhentuzan (hereinafter referred to as Zhentuzan), consists of one "preface" and eleven stories, each followed by a eulogy (zan 贊) and an illustration. This paper first demonstrates the preface to be of the zhuang 狀 genre, specifically intended for the emperor, through the examination of two different versions of the text compiled respectively in the Quan Tang wen and the Zhengtong Daoist Canon. The paper studies the work in comparison with epigraphical materials to first determine the date of the text with reference to its author, context, and original images, and then explores the religious and political background under the later part of Empress Wu's (Wu Zhao) reign when the text was produced. It also demonstrates the work's relationship with Tang materials on Pure Land Buddhism preserved in Dunhuang and compares the language, narrative, and form of its stories with those of Buddhist writings in the transformation-text (bianwen 變文) genre. Finally, the paper concludes with the discussion on the similarities between Sima Chengzhen's illustrations and Buddhist Pure Land murals of the late seventh and early eighth centuries, which may further our understanding of the author's idea of the integration of Buddhist and Daoist thoughts.

參考文獻


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