或極焉生－上博〈亙先〉宇宙化生作用的三個面向

Three Aspects of Cosmology According to the Shanghai Museum Manuscript ＂Heng xian＂

范麗梅(PHAM Lee Moi)

《饒宗頤國學院院刊》 5期 (2018/05) Pp. 169-216

摘要

上博楚簡〈亙先〉在論及宇宙生成的根源與化生的作用時，使用了「亙」與「或」兩個重要的術語。其在層層推進的論述中，將宇宙自然的運作與人類社會的秩序加以連貫，因此在理解其所謂「明王、明君、明士」用之不患的具體內涵以前，有必要就「亙」與「或」二者的關係作出更加詳細的分析。本文首先針對「亙」與「或」作語文方面的初步考釋。其次結合語文考釋的成果，闡發「亙」與「或」所表達概念的內涵，並由此連繫「亙」、「或」二者在思想發展中的關係。具體而言，「亙」可讀作「極」，作為全篇首要闡述的概念，其實具備了宇宙生成的根源意義，其與「或」構成一種化生的關係，亦即描述了如何由根源到出生的此一過程。通過整體宇宙生成的思想架構，以及〈亙先〉全篇思想脈絡的考察，本文指出「或」蘊含了「具有」、「宇域」、「偶或」的三個意義，使其在過程中呈顯出三個面向的作用，完成從「無有」到「有」第一階段的歷程。此三個面向包含從「具有」義表現出萬物的存有；從「宇域」義表現出萬物所在不斷變換的時空場域；從「偶或」義表現出萬物生死明微的循環。

關鍵字

上博楚簡 ； 〈亙先〉 ； 宇宙生成 ； 亙 ； 或

並列摘要

When identifying the origin and transformative effects of the cosmos, the Shanghai Museum manuscript ＂Heng xian＂ employs two keywords, ji 亙 and huo 或. In its subsequent discussion, the text draws a connection between the operations of the cosmos and human society. Thus, to understand what the text means by the ＂enlightened king＂ (mingwang 明王), ＂enlightened ruler＂ (mingjun 明君), and ＂enlightened scholar＂ (mingshi 明士) and the notion that they do not cause any disturbance in their actions, it is necessary to grasp the full implications of the terms ji and huo. This is what this study sets out to do, first to give a philological analysis of the words ji and huo, then to explain the philosophical concepts denoted by these terms, and in this way to reconstruct the relation between the two in the context of intellectual development. In particular, ji has the meaning of the origin of the cosmos, and it forms an integral relation with huo in describing the process from origin to birth. By working out the structure of this conception, and by reading the ＂Heng xian＂ as a whole, the study points out that the term huo has the triple meaning of ＂to have,＂ ＂domain,＂ and ＂or,＂ and all three meanings are at play in the process described in the text. The first meaning is exhibited as the myriad things come into existence; the second refers to the constantly changing time and space where the myriad things undergo transformation; and the last represents the cycles in which the myriad things come alive or become dead, brighten or dim.

並列關鍵字

Shanghai Museum manuscripts ； ＂Heng xian＂ ； cosmology ； ji 亙 ； huo 或