台灣蜜蜂微粒子病之研究 III微粒子病之病理學及其對蜂王乳產量之影響

STUDIES ON NOSEMA DISEASE OF HONEY BEES (Apis mellifera) IN TAIWAN III Pathological studies of Nosema disease and its relationship to royal jelly productian

安奎(James Kwei An) ； 何鎧光(Kai-Kuang Ho) ； 嚴奉琰(David F. Yen)

《臺灣省立博物館年刊》 26卷 (1983/12) Pp. 63-86

https://doi.org/10.6548/ATMB.198312_26.0004

摘要

蜜蜂微粒子病，爲成蜂之重要病害。其病徵爲腹部膨脹，不善飛翔，前後翅之翅鈎不連接，在蜂箱前的草地上爬行；取出病蜂的腸道，中腸之環形節狀消失，呈灰白色，較健康蜜蜂之中腸膨大且色淺，健康蜜蜂中腸呈棕色。蜂箱門口採集之病蜂，鏡檢其腸道磨碎懸浮液87.5％含有微粒子病孢子。故檢查蜂羣是否罹病，簡便法爲取出腸道觀察其是否膨大變色。但正確可靠的檢查，必須配合顯微鏡，檢查病原孢子。微粒子病孢子在光學顯微鏡下，呈橢圓形顆粒狀，折光性很高的粒子。大小爲4.7〜6.4x2.6〜3.4μ平均大小爲5.7x3.0μ。在掃描式電子顯微鏡下，孢子外表光滑，無任何突起。自病蜂體內分離出之微粒子病孢子，以1.04 x 10^4；1.04×10^5；1.04×10^6；1.04×10^7；1.04×10^8五種劑量餵飼第四日齡蜜蜂，接種後第十五天之平均累積死亡百分率，依次爲54.17；64.17；77.50；83.33；94.17。病蜂之壽命較健康蜜蜂縮短21.3-41.9％。經組織切片觀察，接種病原後第二天在蜜蜂中腸上皮細胞中可見雙核游走子，第三、四天形成爲裂殖體，第五，六天形成四核體。由此推知病原孢子在寄主體中完成一世代，約需5－6天。微粒子病罹病蜂羣，蜂王乳顯著減收，平均每次採收每箱中每一王台減少0.013公克，易被養蜂者忽略。

並列摘要

Nosena disease is a serious world-wide disease of honey bees. It is caused by nosema apis Zander, a mirosporidian parasite of the intestinal epithelium of adult bees. Infected adults appear to be sluggish. The wings are disjointed and incapable of normal flight. The midgut of the alimentary tract of an infected bee is white and opaque in appearance, and somewhat swollen, while the midgut of the healthy bee is amber and translucent. (This is a simple and convenient method to identify the Nosema infection in the apiary.) Furthermore, the definite diagnosis of the disease is confirmed by examining the spore of the suspension of abdominal contents by microscope. The spore of Nosema is usually oval in shape and highly refractile. The range of length and width are 4.7-6.4μ X 2.6-3.4μwith 5.7x3.0μ in average. The spore membrane is not a rigid structure under the scanning electron microscopic examination. A laboratory study was carried out as following: four-day-old worker honey bees were divided as 6 groups. One group of bees were fed 33% sucrose solution only. The other 5 groups, bees were fed individually with 5 μl 33% sucrose solution with 1.04x 10^4, 1.04X 10^5. 1.04x10^6, 1.04x10^7, 1.04x10^8 Nosema spore, respectively. The bees were then transferred to the cages in the laboratory. Fifteen days after treatment, the accumulative mortality were 30.00%, 54.17%, 64.17%, 77.40%, 83.33%, 94.17% in each treated group. The longevity of adult bees was shortened about 21.3-41.9% after the treatments. The sections of the midgut of the infected bees were examined histologically by light microscope after the innoculation. Binucleate plenonts were embeded in the host epithelial cells within tow days, schizonts were found in three to four days. The four-nucleate stage appeared abundently at five to six days. The spore completed life cycle in the host epithelial cells for a period of approximately five to six days. The average production of royal jelly of a single artificial queen cell in Nosema infected colonies decreased 0.013 g compared to the healthy colonies. It is too difficult to detect by experienced beekeepers, sometimes this small amount of loss is easily overlooked.