柑果蠅（Dacus dorsalis Hendel）生物學之研究　IV.柑果蠅之行為及生殖之研究

The Behavior and Reproduction of Dacus dorsalis Hendel

趙葳蒂 ； 徐爾烈 ； 徐世傑

《臺灣省立博物館科學年刊》 22卷 (1979/12) Pp. 65-95

https://doi.org/10.6548/ATMA.197912_22.0002

摘要

1.老熟幼蟲對浸水之忍耐力極強，浸水90小時，其化蛹率仍達85%。浸水過久對化蛹和羽化之能力均有影響，已經開始預備化蛹之老熟幼蟲之浸水忍耐力則顯著的降低，而已具蛹形者對浸水之忍耐力更差。老熟幼蟲在化蛹時需要較陰暗而隱蔽的環境，亦即有負趨光和趨觸的習性，在適當的環境下，需3至4小時可達分泌臨界期，在此臨界期之後，改變其化蛹環境，仍能影響使其不能順利化蛹。2.適當之蛋白質來源對柑果蠅之交尾、產卵能力均有影響，但與開始交尾日期無關，亦即柑果蠅卵巢發育完全與否，並不影響促使柑果蠅開始交尾之機制。3.雌蠅與雄蠅對酵母抽出物或蛋白腖均有強烈的趨性，而以雌蠅之需求尤為顯著。缺乏適當之蛋白質來源，雌蟲雖亦有交尾習性，但卵巢不發育，無產卵能力。雄蟲則與雌蠅交尾後，卵之孵化率會稍降低。羽化後4天內為蛋白質需求之臨界期，在此時期後供應蛋白質來源，則會影響產卵之能力。蛋白質來源充足之柑果蠅，一生可產1,000個卵以上，且其孵化率維持在90%左右，並不受年齡之影響。4.柑果蠅無論雌雄，一生皆可交尾多次，交尾時間長短平均3至4小時，但亦有長達13小時者。雌蠅一次交尾可供持續30天產卵所用，且在產卵末期所產之卵均亦能孵化。多次交尾則可提高雌蠅之產卵數，且確保孵化率不會因為缺乏精子而下降。5.餵以四環素之柑果蠅，成蠅有消化不良，腹部膨大現象，幼蟲亦發育減慢，可能是因為體內含有共生菌受到抑制所致。故柑果蠅幼蟲與成蠅，可能均有共生菌之存在，且此共生菌和柑果蠅之營養、生殖力及壽命、交尾行為，均有相當的關係。6.九層塔汁液內含甲基丁香油，對雄性相果蠅有強烈之引誘作用，且九層塔之汁液或氣味，均能激發雄蠅交尾之行為。7.經Co^(60)處理後之蛹，羽化率降低，羽化後成蠅翅畸形率增高，小楯板有白化現象。體重、體長及翅展之長度均較未處理者為差，壽命也顯著降低。競爭能力亦降低，只為正常者之23%。若欲得與田間族羣相同之競爭力，則釋放倍數要16倍以上。雌蠅混合釋放，並不嚴重降低防治教果。8.不育之柑果蠅，雌雄在交尾頻率上皆略為降低。交尾時間長短，以U♀×U♂為最長，T♀×U♂為最短。其餘則無顯著差別。9.經Co^(60)處理之柑果蠅，其壽命較正常者為短，但在缺乏食物的狀況下，反而有部分個體比正常者更共忍耐力。耐飢力與成蠅日齡無關。10.經過Co^(60)處理後之蛹，其組織形態上與正常者有所差異，翅芽之中層膜、中腸表皮細胞和直腸腺突起細胞均有顯著的損害。

並列摘要

1. The last instar larvae which dipped in water less than 90 hours can reach 85% of pupation, but if over 90 hours the ratio of pupation and eclosion will be depressed. The tolerance to dipping water is declined in the prepupal stage and pupal stage. 2. The taxis of the last instar larva shows negative phototaxis and positive thigmotaxis, so they need dark and shaded place for pupation. Under the suitable condition, the last instal larva takes 3 to 4 hours to reach the critical period of pupation. 3. Yeast extract and peptone are adequate protein source for oriental fruit fly to increase the fecundity and mating frequency, but do not relate to the begining date of mating. The protein deficiency will depress the growth of gonads of oriental fruit fly. 4. Oriental fruit fly can mate several times through its life. This mating behavior will enhance the fecundity and egg hatchibility. A once-mating female can lay fertilized eggs for almost 30 days. 5. The juice and flavor of Ocimum basilicum (L.) can promote the behavior for mating of male fly. 6. Both the larva and adult of the fly may have symbiotic microorganisms. 7. Gamma-radiation treatment can depress the eclosion ratio of pupae, longevity, body size and competitive ability of adult. The ratio of the competitive ability of treated flies to normal flies is 1:5. Calculation is made according to Dr. Frieds (1971) formula, this needs to release 16 times of sterile males to reach the same competitive ability of normal flies. 8. Gamma irradiated flies are more resistant to starvation than untreated flies. 9. The mating frequency in treated fruit flies are slightly less than untreated ones. 10. The histological difference of the wing pads, mid-gut epithelium and rectal papillia are observed in the gamma irradiated flies comparing with the untreated ones.