蘇州方言連讀變調的共時層面和歴史層次

SYNCHRONIC AND DIACHRONIC PERSPECTIVES

李小凡(Xiaofan Li)

《Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series》 24期 (2010/12) Pp. 21-32

摘要

蘇州方言有兩種連讀變調：（1）以後字爲基字的語音變調，（2）以前字爲基字的音義變調。音義變調的後字高度中和，連調式廣泛漂移並導致單字調竄調，連調規則跟語音變調截然不同。兩種連調分屬不同的共時層面，又是發生於不同時期的歷史層次。語音變調早期是主層，音義變調則是從語音變調中衍生的創新變層。音義變調最初產生於動詞體貌結構、動詞重疊式、數量結構等語法單位，然後向其他語法、詞彙單位擴散，目前已成爲蘇州方言連調式的主層，語音變調則降爲滯後的變層。音義變調的衍生過程類似詞彙單位的語法化。

關鍵字

蘇州方言 ； 連讀變調 ； 基字 ； 共時層面 ； 語法擴散 ； 語法化

並列摘要

There are two kinds of Tone Sandhi phenomena in the Suzhou dialect: (a) a phonetic Tone Sandhi operating with the last syllable as the base, and (b) a phonetic and semantic Tone Sandhi with the first syllable as the base. As the last syllable in (b) is highly neutralized in tone, the prevalence of the phenomenon results in change in tone classes, involving sandhi rules that are completely different from those of the phonetic type. These two types of Tone Sandhi belong to different synchronic levels and they happened in historical strata of different periods. The phonetic sandhi belonged to the main layer in the early period, and the phonetic/semantic sandhi represented an innovative layer, a derivation from the phonetic layer. The phonetic/semantic sandhi initially affected syntactic units such as the aspectual, the reduplicative and the quantifier expressions. The change then spread its influence to other syntactic and lexical units. At present, the change has become the main layer, with the phonetic sandhi remaining as a variant form. The process of derivation from the phonetic/semantic sandhi resembles that of lexical grammaticalization.

並列關鍵字

Suzhou dialect ； Tone sandhi ； Base character ； Drift ； Synchronic level ； Diachronic strata ； Syntax diffusion ； Grammaticalization