ON DISTINGUISHING HAKKA AND NON-HAKKA DIALECTS

关于客家方言的区别性特征

沙加尔(Laurent Sagart)

《Journal of Chinese Linguistics》 26卷2期 (1998/06) Pp. 281-302

摘要

It is shown that five Hakka dialects for which adequate data exist do not conform to Prof. Norman's criterion, which relates to the split treatment of cizhuo shangsheng words; while the Yue dialect of Taishan on the contrary approximates what Prof. Norman regards as the true Hakka treatment of these words. It is further shown that several southern Gan dialects also show a split treatment of the cizhuo shangsheng category: however, due to northern influence, the evidence for the split is more tenuous. It is concluded that no criterion thus far has been presented which characterizes Hakka ＂uniquely and unambiguously＂, according to M. J. Hashimoto's expression. Finally, the author argues that dialect classification has at most a minor role to play in the furthering of knowledge on Chinese dialects, and that geographical approaches to Chinese dialectology hold much promise.

並列摘要

本文作者指出，至少有五种客家方言将“马买暖鲤懒咬“等字读非阴平，不符合罗杰瑞教授划分客家话的标准。同时珠江三角洲的台山方言反而将“买懒”读成阴平，其他四个字读阴上或阳上，可能是从北方话或广州话借来的，结果台山方言很接近罗杰瑞教授关於客家话的标准。作者也指出，有不少赣南方言将次浊上声字分成两类，一类读阴上，一类读非阴上，与客家话也很相似，只不过是赣南方言因为受北方方言的影响较重，所以读非阴上的字比较少。作者坚持认为，到目前为止，还不存在一个真正能划清客家方言界限的简单标准，並认为方言的严格划分这种研究方向对加深汉语方言的了解只能起次要的作用。作者还认为，方言地理学是研究叹语方言的一种很有前途的方法。