ON SEVERAL PRINCIPLES IN RECONSTRUCTING A PROTO-LANGUAGE -WITH THE RECONSTRUCTION OF TONES AND PRE-INITIALS *h- AND *?-OF PROTO-YI

試論重構原始語言的若干原則—以原始彝語的聲調及前置輔音*h-和*?-為例

陳保亞(Baoya Chen) ； 汪鋒(Feng Wang)

《Journal of Chinese Linguistics》 39卷2期 (2011/06) Pp. 370-402

摘要

There are two folds of reconstruction, phonological categorization and phonetic interpretation. Both of them start on the basis of systematic sound correspondences. Notably, sound correspondences do not imply phonetic similarity. In order to rule out chance correspondence, to stratify different layers of correspondences, and to reconstruct proto-forms completely, the requirement of complete sound correspondence should be insisted upon. The contrast of different sets of sound correspondence should be reflected in proto-forms, and the reconstruction of a proto-language should cover all sets of sound correspondence. Consistent correspondence is necessary for stratification of different layers. Sound correspondences containing kernel morphemes should be given more weights in reconstruction. These principles are applied into the reconstruction of Proto-Yi based on six Yi dialects in China. The tonal system is reconstructed, and two pre-initials *h- and *?- have been exemplified. These forms are used to explain the emergence of pre-glottalized initials in the Weishan Yi and how the reflexes in other dialects come into being. Meanwhile, the tonal development of the Nanhua Yi and the Shilin Yi and the behaviors of kernel morphemes confirm the reconstruction of the two pre-initials.

關鍵字

Reconstruction ； Sound correspondence ； Proto-Yi ； Pre-initial *h- ； Pre-initial *?-

並列摘要

重構可以分爲音類擬測和音類賦值兩個方面，這兩個方面都以系統的語音對應爲必要條件，因此系統對應是重構的基礎。對應不一定是相似，爲了排除偶然對應、有效區分對應的時空層次以及對原始形式進行完全構擬，應堅持完全對應；對應模式上的差异應在原始形式上體現出來，重構應該建立在窮盡對應模式的基礎上；一致對應是區分對應時空層次的必要條件，與核心語素一致的對應應該是原始形式的主要依據。根據中國境內6種彝語方言的材料，應用上述原則，我們重構出原始彝語的聲調系統，幷論述了與聲調重構相關的原始彝語的前置輔音*h-和*?-，解釋了巍山彝語先喉塞音聲母的來源，以及這兩個前置輔音在其他彝語方言中的變化模式，同時根據南華和撒尼彝語中聲調的發展以及核心語素的表現確認了重構前置輔音*h-和*?-的理由。

並列關鍵字

重構 ； 對應 ； 原始彝語 ； 前置輔音*h- ； 前置輔音*?-