朱莉亚．克里斯蒂娃、马克思及特立独行的保罗

Julia Kristeva,Marx and the Singularity of Paul

罗兰．博尔(Roland BOER) ； 何桂娟(HE Guijuan)

《聖經文學研究》 9輯 (2014/08) Pp. 198-228

摘要

本文旨在梳理朱莉亚克里斯蒂娃对《新约》使徒保罗的诠释。首先，文章揭示了马克思对克里斯蒂娃作品的潜在影响，而后，简要概述了她对保罗的看法，即保罗提供了一种治愈心理病态的方法。那些心理病态包括：自恋症、受虐癖、幻想症、压抑症、死亡冲动症及口欲施虐症。保罗治愈心理病态的方法是通过他对耶稣基督的死与复活的叙事。因为信徒们经历了从一种状态到另一种状态的过渡，他们从死亡”进入老我，进而又过渡到复活的新我，所以，基督通过各种方式对其信徒进行医治，结果，新的团体应运而生，保罗称之为ekklesia或“教会”。在这点上，本文通过引入马克思主义的解读，较克里斯蒂娃的理解更加深入。文章认为，那些心理病态的原因在于某种从一种生产方式转化为另一种生产方式、从“神圣经济”转化为奴隶经济的社会经济背景。这种生产方式的转变影响到社会的各个层面—从经济层面到个体身份，保罗从神学角度提供了一种克服这一转变的途径。问题在于，保罗关于基督旳死与复活的神学并非完备的解决办法，他无法确保从死亡到复活、从旧社会到新社会的完全转变，此乃其思想的矛盾之处。

關鍵字

爱 ； 心理病态 ； 集体 ； 克里斯蒂娃 ； 马克思 ； 保罗

並列摘要

This article offers an analysis of Julia Kristeva's interpretation of the Apostle Paul, in the New Testament. It begins by uncovering some of the hidden Marxist influences in Kristeva's work. After doing so, the article outlines her argument concerning Paul. This argument is that Paul provides a way to overcome psychological problems, or pathologies. These pathologies include narcissism, masochism, fantasy, repression, the death drive and oral sadism. The way Paul overcomes the pathologies is through his account of the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. In various ways, Christ provides the means of curing the believer, since the believer passes from one state to another, from 'death' to the old self and 'resurrection' in a new self. The result is a new community, which Paul calls the 'ekklesia', or 'church'. At this point, the article goes a step further than Kristeva by drawing upon Marxist analysis. I suggest that the reason for such psychological problems is the socio-economic context of a transition from one mode of production to another, from a Sacred Economy to a slave-based economy. Paul provides a theological means for overcoming this shift in modes of production, a shift that affected all levels of society from economic to individual identity. The problem is that Paul's theology of the death and resurrection of Christ was not a complete answer. He was not able to ensure a complete shift from death to resurrection, from the old society to the new one. This is why his thought remains caught in contradictions.

並列關鍵字

love ； pathologies ； collective ； Kristeva ； Marx ； Paul