江湖與廟堂之間：晚宋詩歌的邊綠化與詩人的游士化

Between the Wilds and the Courts: The Marginalization of Poetry in the Late Song and the Change of Poets into Wanderers

張健(Zhang Jian)

《中國文學學報》 4期 (2013/12) Pp. 237-261

https://doi.org/10.6903/JCL.201312_(4).0011

摘要

晚宋詩歌面臨三重邊緣化：一、科舉的利益導向使科舉文體在科舉世界成為中心，號稱「內學」，詩歌作為非科舉文類成為邊緣文體，被稱「外學」；二、理學意識形態化之後，理學的文道價值觀成為主流價值觀，詩歌一向受到程朱等理學家的貶斥，因而詩歌在價值世界中被邊緣化；三、在權力世界中，因理學家進入權力中樞，皇帝愛好理學，理學的文道價值觀瀰漫在政治領域，當時內外交困，需要實用的政治軍事人才，因而詩歌在權力世界中被邊緣化了。詩人乃是科舉失利與仕途失意人士，屬於主流意識形態之邊緣、權力世界之外圍的江湖群體。但是，這一群體自然並不甘於邊緣化，也完全沒有被權力世界拒斥，因為按照宋代的制度，朝臣奏事、官員考課等，需要了解參考民間輿論，此即「風聞」「訪聞」之制度，江湖群體作為民間輿論之代表及製造者遂成為官員招攬、禮遇之對象，而江湖人士為了生計及人生前途，也熱衷於結交官員，遂成為游走於廟堂與江湖之間的游士。本文擬就以上諸問題展開論述，並以戴復古等為例，力圖呈現晚宋詩壇詩歌與權力世界關係的特殊生態。

關鍵字

晚宋 ； 江湖詩人 ； 游士

並列摘要

Poetry in the late Song faced a triple marginalization. First, the profit potential of the testing system in turn brought about the literary forms of the tests becoming the center of the testing system world; the testing system's literary forms were dubbed ＂inner study,＂ while poetry became viewed as extraneous to the testing system and as a marginalized literary form was called ＂outer study.＂ Second, after Song neo-Confucian consciousness became an established ideology, its literary values became the mainstream point of view; poetry had always been of reduced value in the thought of Cheng, Zhu and other neo- Confucians. For this reason, the world of poetic values was marginalized. Third, in the world of authority, because neo-Confucianism had penetrated into the fulcrum of authority, and the emperors loved it, the literary values of neo-Confucianism infused into the political arena. At the time, diplomatic relations with external states were precarious; they required personnel with practical political and military capabilities. For this reason, in the world of political authority poetry became marginalized. Poets were those who had lost their advantages in the testing system or were disappointed in their official careers; they were a group of unattached outsiders belonging to the peripheries of mainstream forms of consciousness and in the outer circles of in the world of power. However, this group was naturally not happy with its marginality and had not at all been renounced by authorities in power. So, according to the regulations of the Song dynasty, ministers petitioning the throne and officials conducting reviews of merit, etc., needed to understand public opinion among the folk, which were embodied in the system of ＂Local Reports,＂ and ＂Observations.＂ Rusticated groups became the representatives and creators of folk opinion and were solicited and respectfully treated by officials. These unattached outsider groups thus had some prospects for life and livelihood, so loyally interacted with the officials. As a result, they were wanderers who migrated between the courts and the margins of the land. This essay aims to open and discuss these issues and, taking Dai Fugu and others as examples, will show the extraordinary habitus wherein poetry interacted with the world of state power in the late Song.

並列關鍵字

late Song ； marginalized poets ； wanderers