清初文人陸次雲的女性傳記書寫－以〈圓圓傳〉、〈海烈婦傳〉為例

Women's Biographical Writing of the Literatus Lu Ciyun in the Early Qing-The Examples of Yuanyuan zhuan and Hai liefu zhuan

胡曉真(Hu Siao-chen)

《中國文學學報》 5期 (2014/12) Pp. 59-75

https://doi.org/10.6903/JCL.201412_(5).0004

摘要

本文討論活躍於清康熙年間的文人陸次雲的女性傳記書寫，除了解陸次雲的文學貢獻外，並由此探索清初傳記的特色。陸次雲的雜文集《北墅緒言》一書收有人物傳記九篇，本文發現，傳主多是作者同時代人，其主要事蹟發生於明末到清初一段時間，且傳主是江浙一帶人士，或者其主要事蹟發生在江浙一帶。故此，其所記所傳實是作者之時代與地域，乃由不同人物的角度勾勒明末清初這個時代的嘗試。這種觀察視角與敘事方向可以稱為一種「當代意識」，這也正是同代文人共有的傾向。陸次雲選擇的女性傳主多為日後野史、小說、戲曲一再敷陳的題材，而他的作品對後來的文本曾發生重要的影響。他擅長將特異女性人物放在充滿張力的背景舞台，以誇飾想像、增麗煊爛的手法，予以崇高化的美感表現；但對當代文人易於產生共感的題材，則刻意改採簡潔敘事，以減省凝練的筆法，降低誘發讀者想像的細節表現，以求傳記更能表現真實。本文以〈圓圓傳〉與〈海烈婦傳〉為例，分析陸次雲如何分別表現歷史事件與社會新聞中的女性人物，並與同時代他人所作之傳記，以及其他文類對相同主題的表現進行比較，且討論陸次雲作品所發生的影響，以說明其傳記書寫的特色及其文學史意義。

關鍵字

傳記 ； 陸次雲 ； 陳圓圓 ； 海烈婦

並列摘要

This essay discusses writing of female biographies of the literatus Lu Ciyun, who was active in the years of Kangxi of the Qing dynasty. Other than understanding the literary contributions of Lu Ciyun, it is also possible to explore characteristics of early Qing biographies through this study. Lu Ciyun's collection of miscellaneous essays, Beishu xuyan, had nine biographical chapters. It can be discovered that most of the subjects were contemporaries of the author, whose important accomplishments had happened in the period around the end of the Ming and the beginning of the Qing; as well, these subjects were from the area around Jiangzhe, or their major accomplishments had taken place around the area of Jiangzhe. For this reason, what was recorded and transmitted really took place in the time and place propinquous to the author, and was an attempt to highlight the period around the late Ming and early Qing from different people's viewpoints. This kind of observational perspective and narrative method can be called a kind of contemporaneous consciousness, which was also just what literary figures at that time were tending towards in common. Lu Ciyun selected women subjects mostly as material for deployment in subsequent unofficial histories, novels and plays. His works were significantly influential for the texts that followed. He was best at placing extraordinary women in highly tension-filled scenes, exaggerating the imaginary and adding gorgeous touches, all culminating in magnificently beautiful expression. However, when dealing with material that could easily produce common sympathies amongst his contemporaries in literary activities, he deliberately took a different approach, simplifying and purifying his narrative in order to reduce and condense his writing to lower the detailed expression and thus induce his reader's imagination, so that the biographical expression can become even more realistic. This essay takes the examples of Yuanyuan zhuan and Hai liefu zhuan to analyze how Lu Ciyun expresses women in historical and current events. As well, it compares the biographies written by contemporaries, along with other genres of writing about the same subjects; furthermore, it discusses the influence of Lu Ciyun's works, in order to explain the characteristics and significance in literary history of his biographical writings.

並列關鍵字

biography ； Lu Ciyun ； Chen Yuanyuan ； Martyr Hai