國語的文學史之成立

The Establishment of a History of Vernacular Chinese Literature

戴燕(Dai Yan)

《中國文學學報》 8期 (2017/12) Pp. 13-56

https://doi.org/10.6903/JCL.201712_(8).0002

摘要

晚清以來的國語運動到1916年國語研究會成立，發展為言文一致、國語統一兩個主要議題，同時，晚清以來的白話文運動到1917年《新青年》雜誌提倡文學改良/革命，也發展出以白話為文學正宗、以寫實主義為未來趨向兩個重要議題，這兩支原本各自獨立的運動，在1918年前後互相激蕩、合二為一，迅速建立了「國語的文學」和「文學的國語」。而在推動國文改國語以及國語（白話）文學之普及的過程中，歐洲各國國語在文藝復興時期的形成與白話文學在中國傳統中古已有之，是國語和新文學運動提倡者的最重要的理論及歷史支柱。而論述白話文學在中國的傳統，便影響到「文學史」這一晚清民初的舶來品，在此後發生一個根本性的轉變，首先是完全採用國語即白話來講述並寫作，其次是敘述中心轉為國語即白話文學。又由於標點分段、歷史考證、文學分析等現代閱讀及研究方法的引入，被視為國語典範的戲曲小說登堂入室，從此與古典詩詞駢文古文並駕齊驅，成為中國文學史不可或缺的一部分。

關鍵字

國語運動 ； 文學改良 ； 白話 ； 小說戲曲 ； 文學史

並列摘要

From the national language movement in the late Qing dynasty to the of the National Language Study Society in 1916, the consistency between spoken and written Chinese and the unification with a national language arose as two main debates. At the same time, between the vernacular Chinese movement since the late Qing and the inaugural issue of La Jeunesse (Xin qingnian) magazine in 1917, two key subjects-using the vernacular as the main literary language and realism as the future trend-emerged. These two originally independent movements collided and joined force in 1918 to swiftly form the notions of ＂national-language literature＂ and ＂literary national language＂. The rise of national languages in Europe during the Renaissance age and the existence of vernacular literature in medieval China thus became the most important theoretical and historical support behind these movements. The discussion of vernacular literature in the Chinese tradition also informed the idea of ＂literary history＂, which was introduced to China during the late Qing and early Republican era, and fundamentally changed its course. First, the literary history was written entirely in the national (i.e., vernacular) language, and the focus was shifted to vernacular literature. Moreover, with the introduction of modern ways of reading and studies-such as punctuation, historical criticism, and literary analysis-xiqu and fiction, the genres that canonize the vernacular language, were elevated to the same status as classical poetry and prose and became an integral part of the Chinese literary history.

並列關鍵字

national language movement ； literary reform ； vernacular Chinese language ； fiction and xiqu ； literary history