Laser ultrasonic testing technology is a non-destructive testing method by using laser pulse to excite ultrasound. Laser ultrasonic testing technology has made a lot of remarkable development in recent years. In this paper, the finite element model of laser ultrasonic nondestructive testing of internal defects of materials is established by using software, and the propagation process of transverse wave and longitudinal wave generated by laser excitation in materials is simulated. The sound field distribution in aluminum plate under the action of laser is obtained, and the interaction between laser ultrasonic and cracks and pores in aluminum plate is also simulated. Finally, the existing technical problems and the future solutions of laser ultrasonic testing technology are pointed out.