梁啟超英雄觀探究－以《自由書》與《新民說》為論述主軸

Investigation on Liang Ch'i-Ch'ao's Conception of Hero-Based on Ziyou Shu and New Citizen Theory

張育州(Chang, Yu-Chou)

《子衿論衡　中正文哲研究集刊》 5期 (2020/06) Pp. 35-69

摘要

晚清之時，國家將亡，人們無不希冀有一英雄，能帶領中國由衰敗逐漸轉向富強的道路。據李佩蓉一文可知英雄一詞使用頻率上有兩次高峰，一次在1897年，另一次在1903年。此外，文中也提及1830-1930間使用「英雄」一詞的總數為3198次，其中梁啟超提及英雄者共有766處。數量上足見梁使用英雄一詞的頻繁和重要性，然而梁啟超的英雄觀究竟是什麼呢？且1897年至1903年間，也正好是其大量使用英雄一詞的區段，這是否代表著梁的英雄觀逐漸成熟呢？在材料上，是以論述完整或文中頻繁使用英雄的著作，作為論述主軸，即《自由書》與《新民說》。因此，本文分成兩部分撰述，其一、探討《自由書》中的時勢與英雄，以及從英雄推進到無名英雄的過程；其二、透過《新民說》國民與利群的論述，闡述無名英雄到國民的歷程，藉此說明梁氏英雄觀的發展。

關鍵字

《自由書》 ； 《新民說》 ； 梁啟超 ； 英雄觀

並列摘要

In the late Qing Dynasty, the country was about to perish. People hopped for a hero who could lead China from decay to prosperity. According to Li Pei-Rong's (李佩蓉)article, there are two peaks in the frequency of using the word hero. One is in 1897, and the other is in 1903. In addition, Li Pei-Rong's also mentioned that the use of the word, ＂hero＂, reached a total of 3,198 times from 1830 to 1903. Liang Ch'i-Ch'ao mentioned the word, hero, 766 times in his articles. The quantity is enough to show the frequency and importance of Liang's use of the word hero, but what is Liang Ch'i-Ch'ao's conception of hero? From 1897 to 1903, it also happened to be used the word ＂hero＂. Does this mean that Liang had constructed his conception of hero since then? Ziyou Shu(《自由書》) and New Citizen Theory(《新民說》) are two important texts to proceed the investigation. Therefore, This article divide this article into two parts. First, I discuss Shih-Shih(時勢) and Heroes in Ziyou Shu, and the process from the hero to the unsung heroes. Second, through the exposition of citizens and Li-Qun(利群) in New Citizen Theory, I will explain the process from unsung hero to citizen. Based on this investigation, this article will reveal the development Liang Ch'i-Ch'ao's conception of hero.

並列關鍵字

Ziyou Shu ； New Citizen Theory ； Liang Ch'i-Ch'ao ； Conception of Hero