議會內閣制之比較──以英國與日本為例

議會內閣制起源於英國且被世界多數民主國家所採用；日本於二戰戰敗後，1947年頒布的日本憲法，以人民主權取代君主主權，天皇遂成為無害的國家象徵，即君王統而不治。英日兩國的憲政制度，皆蘊含議會內閣制精神，但兩國仍有差異。議會內閣制的組成型態可分為一黨內閣和聯合內閣，本文挑選英日兩國係因兩國的議會在多數時期皆為一黨內閣。再者，英日兩國的議會內閣制在實務運作上究竟為何、又有哪些相同相異之處？本文使用文獻分析法和比較法，比較英日兩國議會內閣制之相同相異處，並於結論回頭省視臺灣目前的憲政體制，不論政壇人士或學者皆有人提議應全面走向議會內閣制，此主張是否可行且能否如英日取得經長年運作議會內閣制下之良好成果，進行討論。

關鍵字

議會內閣制；日本憲法；一黨內閣

並列摘要

The parliamentary cabinet system originated in the United Kingdom and has been adopted by most democracies in the world; after Japan's defeat in World War II, the Japanese constitution promulgated in 1947 replaced the sovereignty of the monarchy with the sovereignty of the people, and the emperor became a harmless national symbol, that is, the monarch ruled without rule. The constitutional systems of Britain and Japan both contain the spirit of the parliamentary cabinet system, but there are still differences between the two countries. The composition of the parliamentary cabinet system can be divided into one-party cabinets and coalition cabinets. This paper selects Britain and Japan because the parliaments of both countries are one-party cabinets in most periods. Furthermore, what are the similarities and differences in the practical operation of the parliamentary cabinet systems of the UK and Japan? This paper uses the literature analysis method and the comparative method to compare the similarities and differences between the parliamentary cabinet systems of the UK and Japan. And at the conclusion, I look back at Taiwan's current constitutional system. Whether politicians or scholars, some people propose to move to a parliamentary cabinet system totally. Whether this proposal is feasible and whether it can achieve good results under the parliamentary cabinet system after years of operation in the UK and Japan will be discussed.