明清中国负面西方印象的初步生成—以汉语语境中的三个佛郎机国为中心

The Preliminary Formation of Chinese Negative Impression of the West during the Ming and Qing Dynasties: Focusing on the three Frankish Kingdoms in Chinese Context

庞乃明(PANG Nai-ming)

《史学集刊》 184期 (2019/09) Pp. 13-25

摘要

被中国人称作佛郎机的葡萄牙、西班牙、法兰西，是新航路开辟后与明清中国相继交往、互动不断的三个标志性西方大国。但与历史上以大秦为代表的较为正面的西方印象相比，明清之际的三个佛郎机国却给中国人留下相当深刻的负面印象。这主要表现为体貌怪异的白番印象、凶狡桀骜的强番印象、横行海上的好战印象、掠食小儿的食人番印象和四处扩张的侵略者印象。随着明清中国对天主教负面认知的日益固化，以及佛郎机与传教士、天主教间密切关系的更多披露，负面佛郎机印象又在大西洋观念作用下幻化过渡为整个西方的负面印象。而西方殖民势力对中国国家安全的严重威胁，对中国主导的天下秩序的强力挑战，以及天主教对儒家教化伦理的巨大冲击，共同构成了明清中国之负面西方的认知依据。

關鍵字

负面印象 ； 佛郎机 ； 西方 ； 天主教 ； 明清之际

並列摘要

Portugal, Spain and France, which were used to be called Frank (佛郎机) by Chinese, were three representative Western powers that successively had contacted and constantly interacted with the Ming and Qing Dynasties after the discovery of the new maritime routes. However, compared to the Daqin (大秦, Roman Empire), which usually made positive impressions on Chinese, the Chinese impression of these three powers was completely negative. In conclusion, Chinese tended to see them as aggressive, strange but powerful foreigners with cunning and turbulent ways, constantly seeking their own territorial aggrandizement. This was allied to an increasingly negative Chinese appreciation of Catholicism reinforcing the hostile image of the Frank in general and the entire Western world as embodied in the concept of Daxiyang (大西洋). The fact that these seemingly unstoppable alien forces challenged the existing world order as framed by civilization, and the clash between Catholicism and Confucian ethics, provided an enduring basis for the suspicions and dislike amongst Chinese towards a Frankish presence in their midst.

並列關鍵字

negative impression ； Frank ； the West ； Catholicism ； Ming and Qing Dynasties