文明“早熟”与中国古代亲属称谓的泛化

The ＂Precocity＂ of Civilization and the Generalization of Kinship Terms in Ancient China

晁天义(CHAO Tian-yi)

《史学集刊》 193期 (2021/03) Pp. 93-105

摘要

中国古代的亲属称谓不仅标识特定的血缘与姻亲关系，同时以多种途径泛化并用于政治及社会领域。泛化的亲属称谓加强了非亲属成员或组织之间的联系，同时在非亲属成员或组织之间构建了等差有序的责权规范和行为准则。泛化的亲属称谓，旨在凭借血缘组织的力量强化政治控制和社会交往，体现了古人以“循名责实”的方式推进政治、社会关系“血缘化”的尝试和结果。在不同文明或民族中，亲属称谓泛化现象的程度和面貌不尽相同，这与血缘组织在该文明或民族在国家产生过程中扮演的角色，尤其是与血缘组织在国家时代政治生活中的地位高低相关。中国古代国家产生的独特方式所导致的文明“早熟”，决定了亲属称谓泛化现象在国家时代具有普遍性和典型性。

關鍵字

文明 ； 血缘组织 ； 国家起源 ； 类分制亲属称谓 ； 叙述制亲属称谓

並列摘要

In ancient China, kinship terms not only identifies the specific consanguinity and affinity, but also generalizes in various ways and were applied in political and social fields. The extended kinship terms strengthen the connection between non-relative members or organizations, and meanwhile construct orderly norms of responsibility and rights and codes of conduct among non-relative members or organizations. The extended kinship appellation aims to strengthen the political control and social communication by means of blood relationship, which reflects the attempt and result of the ancients to promote the ＂kinship＂ of political and social relations in the manner of ＂following the name and seeking the reality＂. In different civilizations or nations, the degree and appearance of the generalization of kinship terms are different, which is related to the role played by kinship organizations in the process of the formation of the civilization or the nation, especially to the status of kinship organizations in the political life of the country. The ＂precocity＂ of civilization resulted from the unique way of the emergence of ancient state determines the universality and typification of kinship appellation in the national era.

並列關鍵字

civilization ； consanguinity ； origin of state ； Classification system of kinship terms ； Descriptive kinship terms