战国始年考辨

A Textual Research on the Beginning Year of Warring States

王晖(WANG Hui) ； 绳克(SHENG Ke)

《史学集刊》 201期 (2022/07) Pp. 49-61

摘要

关于战国时期始于何年，说法众多，一般以《史记》所说始于周元王元年为通行提法，但司马迁并未解释其原因，至今学术界也没有予以合理说明。中国历史时代断限一般以某场战争或改朝换代事件作为新旧朝代交替的标志，特征明显，容易判断，唯独战国始年是个例外。历史分期需体现历史发展的阶段性特征，作为时代分界的关键事件应是代表下一阶段历史发展趋势的典型事件。发生在周元王元年前后的陈、吴两国的灭国事件，开始呈现战国时代战争以兼并为目的及谋诈迭用等特征，与春秋争霸战争截然不同，深刻表明了时代主题发生了重大变化。这为解释司马迁为何选择周元王元年作为战国始年提供了新视角。

關鍵字

战国始年 ； 周元王元年 ； 战争性质 ； 司马迁 ； 公元前475年

並列摘要

There are different opinions on the beginning year of Warring States. It is generally assumed that it begins from the first year of king Yuan of Zhou (元王) which was recorded by the Historical Records. However, Sima Qian did not explain the reason, and so far, the academic circle has not given a reasonable explanation. Usually the date of some typical war or dynastic change is used as the symbol of the change of times in Chinese history, which is evident and easy to be judged, while the first year of Warring States period is an exception. The historical periodization should reflect the stage characteristics of historical development, and the key event as the time division should be typical one that represents the trend of historical development in the next stage. In the first year of king Yuan of Zhou, the demise of the states of Chen and Wu shows that the annexation of other countries became the aim of wars, along with the tactics full of fraud, which was completely different from the Spring and Autumn period. This provides a new perspective to explain why Sima Qian chose the first year of king Yuan of Zhou as the beginning of the Warring States period.

並列關鍵字

the beginning year of Warring States ； the first year of king Yuan (元王) of Zhou ； nature of war ； Sima Qian ； 475 BC