“周家台祠先农简”所见秦代乡民私祀的若干问题

On the Private Sacrifice of Villagers of Qin Dynasty Seen from Zhoujiatai's(周家台)Tombs Bamboo Slips

王健(WANG Jian)

《史学集刊》 204期 (2023/01) Pp. 82-89

摘要

“周家台秦墓祠先农简”披露了秦代乡民祭祀先农神的珍贵材料，对重建秦民间信仰具有重要价值。简文先后提到“先农”和“农夫”，在解读上引起分歧。“农夫”是以田畯为原型、与先农并存的农神。乡民先后祭祀两位神祇，符合古代祭祀传统。祭祷者除了用豚耳献媚神灵外，还借助交感巫术手段来驱使神灵助己致富，这种利己求富的祝祷行为符合历史真实。当事人不从众而独祠先农，反映了财富崇拜对祖先崇拜传统的冲击。秦代乡民私祀先农的习俗延续至汉代，堪称秦文化遗泽后世的重要遗产。

關鍵字

周家台秦简 ； 乡民私祀 ； 先农神 ； 财富崇拜 ； 民间信仰

並列摘要

Zhoujiatai's(周家台)tombs bamboo slips of the Qin Dynasty has revealed the precious cases of the villagers' sacrifice to the god of agriculture in the Qin Dynasty. The bamboo slips mentions Xiannong(先农)and Nongfu(农夫)successively, causing differences in interpretation. The author argues that Nongfu is god of agriculture which took Tianjun(田畯)as the prototype, and coexisted with Xiannong. The practice of offering sacrifices to the two gods by villagers conforms to the ancient sacrificial tradition. In addition to using pig's ears to flatter the gods, the worshippers also use sympathetic witchcraft to drive the gods to help them get rich. This act of praying for self-interest and wealth accords with historical reality. The fact that the worshippers offered sacrifices to Xiannong alone reflected the impact of the worship of wealth on the traditional ancestor worship. The custom of offering private sacrifices to Xiannong in the Qin Dynasty continued in the Han Dynasty, which can be regarded as an important heritage of the Qin culture.

並列關鍵字

Zhoujiatai's(周家台)tombs bamboo slips of the Qin Dynasty ； private sacrifice of villagers ； the god of agriculture ； the wealth worship ； the folk beliefs