Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 1997 to 2018, a panel vector autoregression model was established to describe the interaction between agricultural production efficiency and agricultural economic growth by using impulse response function and variance decomposition. The results show that there is a long-term stable and balanced relationship between agricultural production efficiency and agricultural economic growth, and agricultural production efficiency can significantly promote agricultural economic growth in the long term. However, agricultural economic growth has no significant effect on agricultural production efficiency in the short term, but is beneficial to the improvement of agricultural production efficiency in the long term.