宪法环境权的有限功能与发展空间－以德国联邦宪法法院“气候裁定”为切入点

Limited Functions and Development Space of Constitutional Environmental Right-The ＂Climate Ruling＂ of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany as the Starting Point

段沁(Duan Qin)

《人权研究》 10期 (2022/09) Pp. 21-35

摘要

气候变迁的实然特性和环境法理论发展的新需求，都使“宪法环境权”的概念再次被检视。宪法环境权的原初使命是进行正当性宣示和发挥其工具价值，从而实现“保护良好的生态环境”这一根本目标。宪法环境权一方面可作为实体权利，通过人权理论形成有特定内容构造的宪法基准，另一方面可作为程序权利，辅助开启合宪性审查程序，从而增强对公权力机关的宪法约束。在对德国联邦宪法法院的气候裁定分析后可以发现，在以国家目标条款为核心和基本范式的环境宪法下，宪法环境权只能发挥有限的程序辅助功能，气候变化诉讼主要借道传统防御权的审查框架得以启动和审理裁判。为了更有效地实现宪法对环境法治的指引，可结合本国合宪性审查制度的特点考虑程序性的宪法环境权，也可在深入研究国家目标条款规范进路、厘清与用好规范和制度存量的前提下，根据实存秩序的发展探索其他面向的宪法环境权。

關鍵字

宪法环境权 ； 工具价值 ； 气候变化诉讼 ； 程序辅助 ； 国家目标条款

並列摘要

The actual impact of climate change and the new demand for the development of environmental law theory have the concept of ＂constitutional environmental right＂ examined again. The original mission of the constitutional environmental right is to declare its legitimacy and give full play to its instrumental value, so as to achieve the fundamental goal of ＂protecting a good ecological environment＂. On the one hand, the instrumental value of constitutional environmental right is reflected in giving play to the functions of a substantive right and forming a specific constitutional benchmark with the help of human rights theory. On the other hand, it is reflected in showing the functions of a procedural right and assisting in entering the constitutional review procedure, so as to strengthen the constitutional constraints on public power organs. After analyzing the ＂Climate Ruling＂ of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, it can be found that under the national environmental target clause of constitution, the constitutional environmental right can only play a limited procedural auxiliary function, whereas the climate litigation can be opened and judged mainly through the review framework on the basis of the traditional defense rights. We can explore procedural constitutional environmental right in combination with China's constitutional review system, or explore other aspects of constitutional environmental right according to the development of environmental protection needs on the premise of in-depth study of the normative approach of national target clauses and clarifying and making good use of current norms and systems.

並列關鍵字

constitutional environmental right ； instrumental value ； climate change litigation ； procedural assistance ； national target clause