西夏阿彌陀經典及其信仰考略

An analysis of Amitābha Satra and its belief in Xi Xia

崔紅芬(CUI Hongfen)

《眾力莊嚴．一佛圓滿——人間淨土與彌陀淨土》 2017年(下冊) (2017/12) Pp. 109-139

摘要

西夏（1038-1227）是我國西北的一個民族政權，立國近兩個世紀，它先後與遼、北宋和金、南宋對峙，西夏的建立實現了西北地方局部統一，促進了古代西北開發和西北各民族的融合，為以後中國統一作出了巨大貢獻。西夏崇信佛教，譯經、校經活動興盛，各類齋會活動頻繁，佛教在人們生活中占相當重要地位。由於蒙元破壞性的佔領致使西夏的文獻和文物大多被毀。因沒有正史記載，隨著文獻湮沒和文字、文化消亡，使西夏逐漸成為被人們遺忘的王朝。今天我們研究西夏佛教主要得益于大量西夏洞窟保存和黑水城等地豐富佛教文獻材料的發現。由於歷史原因，黑水城文獻主要有俄藏、英藏和中國藏三大部分，佛教文獻占絕大多數。此外，銀川、靈武、賀蘭、武威和敦煌等也出土大批珍貴西夏佛教文獻。莫高窟、榆林窟、東千佛洞和五個廟等處還存豐富的西夏繪畫和造像題記。這些文獻文物的發現為我們研究西夏佛教和經典提供了珍貴材料和必要前提。本文僅對《佛說阿彌陀經》及相關問題進行探析。西夏僧人依據鳩摩羅什漢譯本先後兩次將《佛說阿彌陀經》翻譯成西夏文，第一次在秉常時期，第二次在仁孝時期，但限於材料我們對於第一次翻譯情況無法具體考證，而根據佛經題記對仁孝時期參與譯經的高僧進行考證，他們既將《佛說阿彌陀經》翻譯成西夏文，還將其他經典翻譯成西夏文，對於推動西夏佛經的流傳起了積極作用。最後還對《佛說阿彌陀經》的流行原因進行了探析，既與西夏社會生活現狀、淨土信仰的傳統有密切關係，也與淨土信仰的簡單易行、觀音信仰流行有直接關係。

關鍵字

黑水城文獻 ； 阿彌陀經 ； 彌陀信仰

並列摘要

Xi Xia(1038-1227) is a national regime in northwest of China and it existed for nearly two centuries,having confrontation with Liao Dynasty,Jin Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty successively.The establishment of Xi Xia realized the partial unity in northwest,promoting the development of ancient northwest and the integration of people in northwest.It has made a great contribution for the reunification of China in future.Xi Xia believed in Buddhism.The activities of translating and revising the Buddhist Scriptures flourished and variety of fast ceremonies were held frequently,which demonstrated that Buddhism had occupied a very important position in people's lives. Since the devastating occupation of the Mongols and Yuan Dynasty resulted in documents and artifacts of Xi Xia mostly destroyed. Because there is no official history, Xi Xia has been gradually forgotten with the annihilation of literature and the demise of culture. Nowadays,our studies in Buddhism of Xi Xia mainly benefited from a large number of Buddhist documents found in caves saved in Xi xia and Heishui City. Due to the historical reasons, Heishui City Documents include three major parts,that is Russian Tibetan, English and Chinese Tibetan,in which Buddhist documents occupied the majority. In addition, a large number of precious documents of Xi Xia is also unearthed in Yinchuan, Lingwu, Helan, Wuwei and Dunhuang. Some paintings ,statues and inscriptions still existed in Mogao Grottoes, Yulin Grottoes, East Thousand Buddha Caves and five temples. The discovery of these documents and historical relics provide our researches in Buddhist and classics of Xi Xia with valuable material and necessary prerequisite. This article only explore and analyse Amitābha Sutra and some related issues.Some monks in Xi Xia have translated Amitābha Sutra twice into Tangut according to Kumarajiva's translation,firstly in Bingchang period,and the second in Rensiao period.However, we can not certify specifically the first translation because of the limitation of the materials.According to the researches of Buddhist Inscription that verified the eminent monk involved in translating in Rensiao period,they translated Amitābha Sutra into Tangut, and translated other classics into Tangut, promoting the spread of Tangut version of the Sutra. Finally, it probe the causes for the popularity on Amitābha Sutra, of which not only closely related to Xi Xia social life and the traditional the Pure Land faith, but also associated with the simplicity of Pure Land belief and the popularity of Avalokiteshvara belief.

並列關鍵字

HeiShui City Documents ； Amitābha Sutra ； Amitābha faith