台灣產粉介殼蟲科

Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) of Taiwan

蔡明諭(Ming-Yu Tsai)

指導教授 ： 吳文哲

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/昆蟲學研究所/博士(2012年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2012.00081

摘要

台灣粉介殼蟲科種類原記錄26屬54種，其中3新種及5種外來種，陸續於近20年發現。本研究重新採集及調查台灣粉介殼蟲科之種類，於2004-2010年間共採集445個點，採得30種具名粉介殼蟲及2新種，採得寄主植物種類共計47科122種。絨粉介殼蟲屬(Chorizococcus McKenzie) 及根粉介殼蟲屬(Rhizoecus Kunckel d'Herculais) 為台灣所發現的 2個新記錄屬；在30種具名粉介殼蟲中包括4種新記錄，分別為木薯粉介殼蟲 (Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero)、吉里巴斯粉介殼蟲 (Pseudococcus gilbertensis Beardsley)、中華壘粉介殼蟲 (Rastrococcus chinensis Ferris) 及多變根粉介殼蟲 (Rhizoecus variabilis Hambleton)。韓國草粉介殼蟲 (Chorizococcus zoysiae Tsai) 及叢管星粉介殼蟲 (Heliococcus taiwanensis n. sp.) 為本研究中所發現的新種。另將台灣竹粉介殼蟲 (Pseudococcus bambusicola Takahashi) 轉至Formicococcus屬，形成新組合Formicococcus bambusicola (Takahashi) n. comb.。經檢視相關標本及文獻，咖啡粉介殼蟲 (Geococcus coffeae Green) 應無分布於台灣之記錄，因此排除於本研究之物種記錄。另檢視及商借相關單位的台灣粉介殼蟲標本，目前台灣粉介殼蟲共計有26屬57種 (不含未確定物種)。蔗根粉介殼蟲屬 (Mizococcus Takahashi) 及芒毛粉介殼蟲屬 (Pilococcus Takahashi) 為台灣特有屬，其他屬別為廣泛分布的類群。就種類而言，15種粉介殼蟲為台灣特有種，32種為廣分布的物種，其餘11種則橫跨2個動物地理區。根據相關研究及本研究之採集結果，寄主植物累計達90科398種，其中48% 植物種類首次被記錄為粉介殼蟲之寄主植物，顯示台灣粉介殼蟲之寄主範圍有擴張之情形。大戟科 (Euphorbiaceae)、禾本科 (Poaceae)、豆科 (Fabaceae)、茄科 (Solanaceae)、桑科 (Moraceae)、菊科 (Asteraceae)、及錦葵科 (Malvaceae) 為台灣粉介殼蟲主要寄主植物。依寄主之用途，台灣粉介殼蟲主要發生於景觀植物及雜草上。分析全世界2048種已知種類及其寄主，發現取食單科寄主植物的粉介殼蟲，分別在被子植物、裸子植物及其他非種子植物各為68.5%、77.8% 及 84%，其他的粉介殼蟲種類則為多食性之物種。再者粉介殼蟲物種數與寄主植物物種數呈正相關，顯示物種數較多之寄主植物科別會有較多粉介殼蟲種類作為寄主。採集結果發現與台灣的粉介殼蟲有關係之螞蟻種類共計有27種，以家蟻亞科 (Myrmicinae) 為多。以親近綿粉介殼蟲屬 (Phenacoccus Cockerell) 粉介殼蟲之蟻類種類為多，尤其以美地綿粉介殼蟲 (Phenacoccus madeirensis Green) 為甚。中華單家蟻(Monomorium chinense Santschi)、長角黃山蟻 (Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille))、建築舉尾家蟻 (Crematogaster dohrni fabricans Forel)、黑頭慌琉璃蟻 (Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius)) 及熱帶大頭家蟻 (Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius)) 等5種為野外採集出現頻度較高之種類。本論文完成台灣粉介殼蟲蟲相之研究並彙整及分析相關的寄主、螞蟻及天敵等基礎資訊，希望對於日後相關研究及防治策略擬定有所助益。

關鍵字

粉介殼蟲科 ； 分類 ； 寄主 ； 螞蟻 ； 台灣

並列摘要

The early records of Taiwanese mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) included 54 species belonging to 26 genera. Among them, three new species and five invasive mealybugs were found in past 20 years. Faunal study of mealybugs from Taiwan is resurveyed. Sample collectings were carried out at 445 sites with 122 host-plant species in 47 families recorded from 2004-2010. Thirty described species and two new species are identified in this study. Chorizococcus McKenzie and Rhizoecus Kunckel d'Herculais were recorded in Taiwan for the first time. Among these described species, four of them, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero, Pseudococcus gilbertensis Beardsley, Rastrococcus chinensis Ferris and Rhizoecus variabilis Hambleton, are new records in Taiwan. Chorizococcus zoysiae Tsai and Heliococcus taiwanensis n. sp. are new to science. Moreover, Pseudococcus bambusicola Takahashi is transferred to genus Formicococcus and formed a new combination, Formicococcus bambusicola (Takahashi) n. comb. Based on examining specimens of TARI and reviewing relative references, Geococcus coffeae Green is excluded in the faunal record of Taiwan in this study after examining specimens and relative literatures. Collections of Taiwanese mealybugs in various museums and institutes are also examined in this study. Till now, there are 57 species divided into 26 genera found from Taiwan. Two genera, Mizococcus Takahashi and Pilococcus Takahashi, are endemic to Taiwan, and other genera are widespread. Fifteen mealybugs species are endemic to Taiwan, another 32 species are worldwide distribution, and remaining 11 species are distributed across two zoogeographic regions. Combing the host plants collecting in the fields and relative references, there are 398 plant species belonging to 90 families as hosts of mealybugs in Taiwan. Among them, 48% were recorded for the first time as hosts. The results also showed high host range expansions in Taiwan. Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Poaceae, and Solanaceae are major plant-host families in Taiwan. Based on utilizations by humans, mealybugs of Taiwan were mostly found on ornamentals and weeds. The percentages that mealybug species feeding on single plant family on angiosperms, gymnosperms and non-seeded land plants are 68.5%, 77.8% and 84%, respectively. Others were polyphagous. Analyses of the relationship between species richness of host-plant families and the number of mealybug species recorded on these plants showed a significant positive correlation between host-plant species richness per plant family and mealybug species richness. Twenty-seven ant species attend Taiwanese mealybugs in the fields, and half of them belong to ant subfamily Myrmicinae. High ant species diversity attending Phenacoccus mealybugs species are showed, especially with Phenacoccus madeirensis. Five ant species, Crematogaster dohrni fabricans, Monomorium chinense, Paratrechina longicornis, Pheidole megacephala, and Tapinoma melanocephalum, are frequently collected with mealybugs in the field collections. In this study, mealybug fauna of Taiwan are reviewed and updated. Host plants, associated ants, and natural enemies of mealybugs in Taiwan are also provided in this research. The information would have some benefit in relative studies and biocontrol strategies of mealybugs.

並列關鍵字

Pseudococcidae ； taxonomy, host plants ； ant ； Taiwan

參考文獻

Chen CC, Ko WH, Liao CT. 1997. A survey on the wild host plants and life cycle of Brevennia rehi (Lindinger) in Taiwan. Bull Taichung Dist Agric Improve Stn 57: 49-54. (In Chinese)

Chen SP, Chen CN, Wong CY. 2002. New record of a pest - Phenacoccus solani Ferris (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in Taiwan. J Agric Res China 51: 79-82. (In Chinese with English abstract)

Chen SP, Wu WJ, Wong CY. 2011. Preliminary report on the occurrence of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink, in Taiwan. J Taiwan Agric Res 60: 72-76.

Lai YC, Chang NT. 2007. The association of pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) with bigheaded ant, Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius) on Hibiscus. Formosan Entomol 27: 229-243. (In Chinese)

Shen HM, Wu HW, Chang NT. 2007. Population fluctuation of the pink mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and the ants associated with it in Pingtung, Taiwan. Formosan Entomol 27: 245-260.