用於草莓害物管理之農藥殘留對天敵昆蟲 (基徵草蛉與黃斑粗喙椿象) 之影響

The effects of pesticide residues on natural enemies (Mallada basalis and Eocanthecona furcellata) in strawberry pest management

王皓平(Hao-Ping Wang)

指導教授 ： 顏瑞泓

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/植物醫學碩士學位學程/碩士(2016年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201610058

摘要

本研究針對草莓樣品農藥檢出比率較高的農藥及非農藥資材，於實驗室內進行基徵草蛉 (Mallada basalis) 幼蟲及黃斑粗喙椿象 (Eocanthecona furcellata) 若蟲的接觸毒試驗，並且於夏、冬兩季以半田間草莓高架栽培植株進行藥劑的殘毒對基徵草蛉及黃斑粗喙椿象之影響評估。室內初毒性測試：基徵草蛉幼蟲及黃斑粗喙椿象若蟲分別接觸3種殺菌劑、4種殺蟲 (蟎) 劑及8種非農藥資材殘留藥膜，基徵草蛉幼蟲在推薦用量下，殺菌劑以達滅芬毒性最高；殺蟲劑毒性在1/10、1/2倍與推薦用量均以克福隆最高，賽洛寧次之，而克福隆在1/10推薦量下仍有54% 致死率。非農藥資材以窄域油毒性最高，氫氧化鉀與亞磷酸配方、矽藻素為輕度毒害級 (死亡率＝25∼50%)，另針對輕毒害級之藥劑進行基徵草蛉幼蟲忌避性評估，結果顯示所選藥劑在24小時內與空白組皆無明顯差異。黃斑粗喙椿象若蟲在噴灑3種殺菌劑後的任何時間均是無害級 (死亡率＜ 25%)，殺蟲劑以賽洛寧毒性最高，克福隆次之，益達胺與芬普蟎毒性皆為輕度毒害級，賽洛寧在1/2推薦量下仍可達60% 致死率。非農藥資材對於黃斑粗喙椿象的接觸毒性均是無害級 (死亡率＜ 25%)。另黃斑粗喙椿象若蟲餵食毒測試，以克福隆達80% 致死率毒性最高。
半田間草莓高架栽培植株施用3種殺蟲劑及1種非農藥資材，經不同殘留天數，採取葉片在室內測試基徵草蛉幼蟲及黃斑粗喙椿象若蟲接觸毒，結果顯示克福隆對於基徵草蛉在施後藥第14天仍達中度毒害級 (死亡率＝50∼75%)，賽洛寧則在施藥後第2∼5天均介於輕度毒害級 (死亡率＝25∼50%)，窄域油為無害級。另以賽洛寧之殘毒對黃斑粗喙椿象若蟲影響時間較長，益達胺次之。上述為草莓田常用藥劑對於基徵草蛉與黃斑粗喙椿象的毒性資料，未來可提供農民參考。

關鍵字

生物防治 ； 草莓 ； 基徵草蛉 ； 黃斑粗喙椿象

並列摘要

The generalist predators Mallada basalis and Eocanthecona furcellata are important natural enemies in agricultural ecosystems in Taiwan. The green lacewing M. basalis is considered as an important natural enemy of several pests of economic importance because of their polyphagous feeding habits. The stink bug, E. furcellata, is a predatory insect that can be commonly found on horticultural plants preying on various lepidopterous insect pests in Taiwan. Releases of these predator are carried out, and it is included in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs of several crops. The accurate assessment of the compatibility of various pesticides with predator activity is the key to the success of this strategy. In order to identify products with low toxicity or short duration effects on biological control agents, we assessed contact toxicity, irritancy and residual toxicity of 15 pesticides on M. basalis larvae and contact toxicity, feeding toxicity and residual toxicity of 15 pesticides on E. furcellata nymphs both under laboratory conditions and semi-field experiments. Pesticides commonly used in either conventional or organic farming in strawberry pest management were selected for the study, including three synthetic fungicides, three synthetic insecticides, one acaricide and eight organic certified pesticides. In semi-field experiments, residues were aged under greenhouse conditions for 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, or 14 d and introducing insects to test residual toxicity. The percentage of mortality was classified according to the IOBC (International Organization for Biological Control) toxicity categories and modified. The results showed that the pesticides greatly differed in their toxicity, in terms of lethal effects, as well as in their persistence. For M. basalis, chlorfluazuron and lamda-cyhalothrin caused high mortality and persistence, and chlorfluazuron was classified as harmful (rating class 2) up to 14 d after the treatment and lamda-cyhalothrin was classified as harmful (rating class 2) up to 2 d after the treatment . In particular, mineral oil was classified as rating class 4, but in semi-field it was low toxic to lacewing larvae. The irritant and repellent effects of low toxic pesticides were also examined on larvae of the lacewings, and there was no statistically significant avoidance between pesticide treatments and water control. It is concluded that these pesticides are not intrinsically irritating or repellent to M. basalis larvae. For E. furcellata, chlorfluazuron caused both high feeding toxicity (rating class 4) and high contact toxicity. In semi-field experiment, chlorfluazuron was low toxic (rating class 2) until 1 d after the treatment, and lamda-cyhalothrin also caused high mortality and persistence, and it was low harmful up to 14 d after the treatment. Imidacloprid consistently caused low toxicity (rating class 2), even after aging for 3 d. Almost all organic certified pesticides and fungicides had low toxicity, and along with the organic certified products and fungicides could be compatible with biological control in strawberry pest management program. This study provides information to guide strawberry growers in their selection of pesticides, and appropriately releasing time of M. basalis larvae and E. furcellata nymphs after pesticides application.

並列關鍵字

Biological control ； Strawberry ； Mallada basalis ； Eocanthecona furcellata

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