漢代歌詩樂舞之異域元素與文化闡釋

本論文以漢代歌詩樂舞與百戲藝術為本，關注其中的異域元素，進而探討這些多元民族、跨越疆域交融流動下的歌詩樂舞所具有的文化意義。　　作為戰國時代後的一統帝國，漢代在歌詩樂舞上整合了先秦以來的文化成就，再加上皇權的擴張，進而得以對境內多元民族文化進行整理和融攝；而在西漢武帝後，更是以雄厚的國力為基礎，開啟了與四方異域外族頻繁的征戰、貿易以及其它的政治外交活動，形成漢代歌詩樂舞藝術文化的奇麗且多元的特性。　　在這樣的時代背景下，異域元素注入了漢世的歌詩樂舞之中，協助建構了漢代的歌樂藝術風格，並在漢代以降形成中國文化的部分底蘊。而在這些作為「奇異」象徵符號的歌詩樂舞闖入漢境、或在漢境中應運而生後，又如何在整個漢世歌樂展演的浮世繪中占得一席之地，並與政治、社會、文化間產生連結，是本論文主要聚焦之處。　　本文分為以下五個部分：首先釐清漢代歌詩樂舞中不同地域性的特質，以及異域元素和文化意涵研究之價值，並回顧當今學界相關研究成果及設定後續研究進程；其次，梳理漢代歌詩樂舞中的異域元素，建構以異域元素為切入角度的歌詩樂舞時代背景，並對學界部分傳統研究議題進行對話。第三，以〈巴渝舞〉、〈天馬歌〉與角抵百戲三層面為本，著重探討宮廷場域中異域元素影響下的展演思維，確立其「尚奇」的審美心理以及「宣威」的政治目的；第四，以兩漢歌詩文本入手，從中探討漢世異域元素在都城里巷間的普及、以及漢人對異域的想像塑造。佐以幾位由漢境入異域之人的相關歌詩創作進行研究，如烏孫公主劉細君、王昭君及李陵等，進而釐清域外訊息透過歌詩的傳播過程，歸結漢人對異域印象的流傳和想像的塑造。最後，再以歌詩樂舞形塑出的漢帝國想像、以及異域元素在漢代歌詩樂舞中形成的文化矛盾總結全文，闡發受異域元素影響下的歌詩樂舞所具有的時代文化意義。

關鍵字

漢樂府；歌詩樂舞；外族文化；展演思維；異域想像

並列摘要

This thesis is based on the performing arts including songs, poems, music, dances and acrobatics of Han dynasty. It focuses on the influence of the elements of exotic land in the performing arts of Han dynasty, and further discusses the cultural significance of performing arts under the blending and border-crossing in multiple ethnic cultures and territories. As an united empire which followed after the Warring States period (475-221 B.C) , Han dynasty unified the cultural achievements of performing arts since pre-Qin. And with the expansion of imperial power, the rulers were able to unify multiple ethnic cultures in the country. Especially after Emperor Wu of Han dynasty (141-87 B.C) accessioned, based on its strong national strength, and thus started frequent wars, trades and other political activities with exotic land. Which helped to model the gorgeous and different characteristics of performing arts in Han dynasty. Due to this cultural background, the elements of exotic land blended the performing arts to Han dynasty. It not only helped to form the art style of music in Han dynasty, but also became parts of Chinese culture after Han dynasty. This thesis focus on these elements as a symbol of exoticism. After these performing arts got into or nourished in the territory of Han Empire, the way how they played an important role and connected to politics, society and culture is the focus of this thesis. This research is going to proceed with 5 following parts: First, clarifing the different characteristics of performing arts within different regions and pointing out the value of the research in the elements of exotic land and the meaning of culture. Futhermore, reviewing the related researches and making research plan. Second, sorting out the elements of exotic land of performing arts in Han dynasty, building a background of performing arts with elements of exotic land, and responding to parts of traditonal researches in academia. Third, focusing on 3 aspects including “Pa Yu Dance”（巴渝舞）,”Tian Ma Song”（天馬歌）and “Jiao Di Bai Xi”（acrobatics，角抵百戲）, and discussing the performing thinking under the influence of the elements of exotic land in the region of palace. Establishing the esthetic conception of pursuing fantastic and the political purpose of showing authority. Fourth, based on the songs and poems in Han dynasty, discussing the popularity of the elements of exotic land in the region of alleys and the how the image of exotic land was created by the people in Han dynasty. This part of research is proceeded with some related songs and poems of people who entered exotic land from the territory of Han empire. Such as the princess of Wu Sun（烏孫公主） ,Liu,Xi-Jun（劉細君） , and Wang Zhao-Jun（王昭君）, Li Ling（李陵）and ect. The researcher hopes to clarify the process of dissemination of the messages from exotic land is attached to songs and poems, and then summarize the dissemination and creating of image to exotic land from the people in Han dynasty. In the end, summarizing the thesis with the imagination of Han empire which was created by the performing arts and the cultural contradiction on the elements of exotic land in the performing arts, and further to interpret the cultural meaning of performing arts under the influence of the elements of exotic land.