- 學位論文
道不可名之？—道德經的譬喻研究
Naming the Ineffable Dao—A Metaphorical Approach to Characterize Dao
摘要
「道」在以往的看法中，一向給人「不可名之」的印象，主因在於不僅道德經裡沒有關於「道」的直接描述，甚至也直言「吾不知其名，强字之曰道」。這種「道」的神秘性，使得它往往被視為一種宇宙性的根源，有時又被視為一種自然間的規律或政治的依準。各種觀點有時又兼雜在同一個詮釋者的詮釋中。此莫衷一是的現象，不僅混淆了讀者對於「道」的理解，也鮮少有詮釋者提供一積極的解答。 本文旨在透過一些方法論來分析道德經裡的「道」蘊含了哪些特性。方法論包含了瓦格納的「連鎖平行系統」(IPS)、當代隱喻理論、塞爾的言說行動理論，以及結合了譬喻及言說行動而構成的「米薩」理論(MISA)。透過IPS，看似散文體的道德經將有系統地呈現為論證結構或推論結構，使每一章的議題被凸顯，而不再只是看似不相關的文句並存於一章。當代隱喻理論、言說行動理論和MISA則直接和道德經的語意相關，藉由此兩者，我們將可藉由道德經裡的諸多譬喻來瞭解「道」的各種特徵，以及作者如何透過宇宙論述和政治哲學論述來交叉描述道。 本文最後將藉由譬喻和語意的分析，得到「道」的幾項特質：一、「無」指的不是「全然沒有」，而是只被知其存在，不知其內涵。二、「無名」指的是「道」不特別區分相反的對名，因此不會對優越的名稱有特別的偏好。三、「反者道之動」指「道」的運行方式相反於其目的，最顯著的例子是「靜」，「靜」指的是種心態，展現於行為就是「無為」，而無為的目的是為了「無不為」。在「道」而言，目的與手段經常是相反的。透過以上的特質，「道」的「德」是無窮而不耗竭的，而且也可以避免遭遇災害。
並列摘要
The present study aims to explore conceptual metaphors in Daodejing, with a view to uncovering the cognitive value of conceptual metaphors and metaphors in speech acts (MISA) in Daodejing under the structure of Interlocking Parallel Style (IPS). Dao is an essential concept to Daoism, especially to Daodejing. This pivotal concept; however, is put in an eccentric way in Daodejing because of its ineffability and its political value to sage-ruler. In previous studies, an overall investigation of dao is lacking and dao is normally left as a puzzling metaphysics rather than a political guide, though dao is an ideal political archetype in Daodejing. I would argue that conceptual metaphors are not mere decorations to the texts. Rather, they express cognitive value, as a key path way to understanding dao. In particular, there are at least six main conceptual metaphors to silhouette dao—water, valley, feminine, root, infant and unhewn wood. By means of analyzing these metaphors, dao is revealed as: Impenetrability describes the empirical state of dao and a sage-ruler. Nondiscrimination and paradoxical strategy including being uncontentious, being soft, being empty, da, being below, and be tranquil are practical devices. Nondiscrimination is another important political device to eliminate desire and preference for opposite names in order to avoid contention and social chaos. Nonexhaustion, calamity-free, and fertility are the outcome of being impenetrable and the result of executing nondiscrimination and paradoxical strategy. Therefore, theory of dao is not metaphysical nonsense but concrete politics.
參考文獻
延伸閱讀
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