- 學位論文
我國擔保交易法制之現代化--以浮動擔保為中心
Modernizing the Law of Secured Transactions in Taiwan – Introduction of Floating Charge
摘要
世界銀行為了提升經濟體之間的商業法制環境，每年皆發布經商環境報告提供商業上法規範及實行上的客觀標準，鼓勵經濟體之間競爭以建立更有效率的制度。獲得信貸是其中一項主題，由兩種指數組成。其一為信用資訊指數，是有關自信用登記處取得資訊的範圍、廣度及品質。其二為法定權利指數，是有關借款人與貸款人在擔保交易法制及破產法制上的法定權利。 在2018經商環境報告中，我國在滿分12分裡僅取得2分，遠低於東亞太平洋區域平均分數。事實上，我國在法定權利指數上很長一段時間僅取得四分。未能獲得高分的原因在於我國法不允許以所有企業資產或未來資產作為擔保，且須具體特定擔保標的物。亦即我國現行法不承認在普通法下盛行之浮動擔保。為了在法定權利指數上得分，有許多關於浮動擔保之草案或建議提出，但我國仍無法徹底改革以改善現狀，使得法定權利指數得分依舊低落。 浮動擔保源於英國衡平法，其擔保標的物廣泛，得以涵蓋所有擔保人資產，包含流動性資產、未來資產。惟我國對於浮動擔保有許多疑慮。有認為浮動擔保源於普通法系，無法容於我國大陸法體系。亦有認為我國既有法制下已有許多融資工具，未必要再引進其他擔保權類型。且浮動擔保標的之浮動性亦可能增加擔保人揮霍擔保財產價值之風險。 本文對於浮動擔保之研究即是為解決前開爭議。本文蒐集英國、美國、聯合國或其他國家有關浮動擔保之文獻，比較分析以探索浮動擔保之核心意涵、及其建立配套措施和風險控管機制的手段，並以此分析歷來有關浮動擔保之草案或建議。最後，本文將另外提出引進浮動擔保法制的建議版本。此版本是建立在全面修正現行動產擔保交易法上，並將擔保標的及於擔保人之未來資產、流動性資產乃至於全面性資產。配套措施及風險控制機制亦同時建立。
並列摘要
In order to enhance the quality of business regulation environments across economies, The World Bank public Doing Business project to provide objective measures of business regulations and their enforcement every year, encouraging economies to compete towards more efficient regulation. Getting credit is one of the topic in the project, which consists of two index. One is depth of credit information index, which is about the coverage, scope and quality of credit information available through credit registries and bureaus in a country; the other is the strength of legal rights index, which is about legal rights of borrowers and lenders in secured transactions and bankruptcy laws. In Doing Business 2018, Taiwan only got 2 points out of 12, far below the average of East-Asia and the Pacific. In fact, Taiwan only got 4 points in legal right index for a long time. The reason why we can’t get high score is that in our legal system, it is not allowed to grant a non possessory security right in substantially all of businesses’ assets or extend to future or after-acquired assets and we should specify the collateral in detail. It means that we do not have floating charge which is widely used in the common law countries. To get more points in the legal right index, there are many proposals and drafts with regard to floating charge, but we didn’t do an overall reform to improve the law of secured transaction, so our legal right index still very low. Floating charge origin from equity law in England, and it covers all of the assets of the grantor, including fluid assets, future assets. But in Taiwan, there are many doubts toward this security device. Some think that floating charge, springing from the common law, will not fit with the civil law system. Others think there are many finance devices in our legal system, so we don’t need to introduce another type of security right. Besides, the floating of collateral may enhance the risk that grantor try to waste the value of collateral. My research focuses on the introduction of floating charge in order to deal with those controversies. After collecting literature on floating charge from England、U.S.、United Nations and other countries, I use comparative law analysis to figure out the core of floating charge, and its’ supporting measure or risk control mechanism, which I use to analysis drafts and proposals concerning floating charge. Lately, I will provide my own proposal to introduce floating charge, which is based on the overall reform of the Personal Property Secured Transactions Act, and extend the object of secured transactions to the future assets, fluid assets and even all the assets of grantors. Some supporting mechanism will also be found.