價值多元主義與自由主義是否相衝突？

Does Value Pluralism Conflicts with Liberalism?

許心萍(Hsin-Ping Hsu)

指導教授 ： 林火旺

國立臺灣大學/文學院/哲學研究所/碩士(2004年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2004.00173

摘要

本文的目的在於探討價值多元主義的政治意涵與自由主義之間究竟是衝突或者一致的問題。相較於柏林藉由消極自由連接起價值多元主義與自由主義，近年來有部份學者基於價值多元主義所指出的，價值之間不可共量的特性以及價值衝突有多重解決方法的論點，認為自由主義價值與自由主義原則並不具有優先性，而自由主義政體亦不具有普遍性。然而也有其他學者反駁，價值多元主義必須包含某種程度的個人自由才不致違反人性，而價值多元主義重視差異的結果也將導致其在政治實踐上支持自由主義的優先性與普遍性。本文將針對這些論證進行評估。
　　此外本文也將指出，形成上述爭論的主要原因在於，價值多元主義應用於政治理論時相關意涵的模糊不清，因此本文將試圖釐清價值多元主義的立場態度，並且重構價值多元主義的政治意涵。根據本文的討論，價值多元主義應該確保何種程度的個人自由，必須依據實際脈絡才能決定；而價值多元主義重視差異的結果，不是要排除所有的一元論，而是要避免一元論可能帶來的危險。按照本文這樣的詮釋方式，價值多元主義的政治意涵並非與自由主義毫無衝突，某些非自由主義政體也能夠符合價值多元主義的規範要求。本文將嘗試指出合乎價值多元主義標準的非自由主義政體，並且討論其可能面臨的自由化困境。

關鍵字

自由主義 ； 差異 ； 價值多元主義 ； 不可共量

並列摘要

The purpose of this thesis is to discuss the question whether the political implications of value pluralism are consistent or conflicting with liberalism. In contrast to Isaiah Berlin who believes that value pluralism is consistent with liberalism because of the importance of negative liberty, recently, some theorists argue that according to the main ideas of value pluralism, values are incommensurable and there will be many rational resolutions when they come into conflict, thus neither liberal values and liberal principles have general priority, nor liberal regimes have universal authority and legitimacy. However, other theorists think that value pluralism implies the maximization of the diversity of goods and lifestyles, which lead to the adoption of liberal institutions.
In this thesis, I assess the arguments about the debate of the relation between value pluralism and liberalism. Besides, I point out that this debate comes from the vagueness of the political implications of value pluralism, and attempt to clarify and reconstruct them. In my interpretation, value pluralism needs not to pursuit the maximal diversity, and it needs only to avoid the dangers that might be incurred by some monism. Basing on these implications, I suggest that some non-liberal regimes might also pass the normative requirements of value pluralism and consequently the political implications of value pluralism are not fully consistent with liberalism. Finally, I try to indicate a kind of qualified non-liberal regime, and discuss the difficulty it faces in resisting liberalization.

並列關鍵字

incommensurability ； value pluralism ； liberalism ； diversity

參考文獻

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Crowder, George. “Pluralism and Liberalism.” Political Studies XLII, 1994, pp.293-305.

______. “John Gray’s Pluralist Critique of Liberalism.” Journal of Applied Philosophy Vol. 15, No. 3, 1998a, pp.287-98.