土地契約秩序與地方治理──十九世紀臺灣淡新地區土地開墾與土地訴訟的歷史制度分析

Local Governance and the Social Order of Land Contract: a Historical Institutionalist Analysis for Land Reclamation and Land Litigation in Dan-Xin Region of the Nineteenth Century Taiwan

林文凱(Wen-Kai Lin)

指導教授 ： 柯志明

國立臺灣大學/社會科學院/社會學研究所/博士(2006年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2006.00252

摘要

清代民事法律史的權威性研究──如滋賀秀三、黃宗智、岸本美緒與寺田浩明等一系列作品──在討論土地法律文化與土地法秩序時，主要從文化論的視角，分析官員聽訟時的法律表達文本，或一般民眾在土地契約活動中的主觀法律意識。這種法律中心主義的文本分析，未能深入分析與訴訟糾紛過程相關的經濟、政治等社會制度脈絡，以致無法細究清代土地法律文化與經濟發展及人口增長間的歷史關聯，同時難以完整呈顯官員在聽訟活動中同時納入經濟與政治考量的審理邏輯。相較於此，本文以清代臺灣淡新地區土地開墾與土地訴訟為研究個案，試圖兼顧文化論與制度論的雙重取徑，示範如何以整體性的社會史框架，分析清代地域社會的經濟、政治以及法律的發展歷程與其整體關聯。
作者藉助於清代臺灣土地制度史研究的重要作品──施添福、卲式柏與柯志明的一系列著作──發展出以整體性社會史視角研究「土地契約秩序」的架構，以分析淡新地區的土地開墾與糾紛議題。土地契約秩序，意指圍繞著土地開墾與土地糾紛的諸種政治、經濟與法律活動，所形成的以一田兩主大小租契約關係為主軸之整體秩序。在土地開墾的討論裡，作者關切各級官府在淡新地區的政治（官僚制度）與經濟（賦役制度）實踐，如何建構一系列影響土地開墾的「土地行政」活動；同時，作者也討論地域社會的政治（鄉庄制度）、經濟（土地制度）實踐，如何發展出體現土地開墾進程的「土地生產」活動。而在土地糾紛的分析裡，作者則關切在土地開墾脈絡裡衍生出來的糾紛，如何利用地域社會的法律（調解制度）實踐加以調處，又如何進入官府利用法律（訴訟制度）實踐加以審理解決。
本文接受施添福三個人文地理區的提法，並以柯志明的歷史制度論取徑，分別討論漢墾莊、熟番地與隘墾區，以及未墾餘埔（散佈在前述三個區域內）共四個區位的土地契約秩序發展歷程。首先，作者使用清代官方與民間的豐富公私文書和日治初期精確的土地調查資料，分從土地行政與土地生產面向，詳論十九世紀期間這四個區域的土地開墾歷程。本文特別指出竹北二堡漢墾莊一般未曾注意的從「抽的租」到「定額租」的轉換過程，在漢墾莊土地契約秩序發展的重要性。作者並以官府的熟番地行政變革與竹塹社地土地生產資料的排比，詳論十九世紀熟番地權政策的沿革，並據以評估熟番地權保護政策的歷史成效。作者也詳論在嘉慶晚期、同治晚期與光緒期間三個時期，官府隘墾政策演變與土地生產關係的歷史互動，以說明新竹苗栗地區的隘線進展與該區的土地開墾歷程。同時，作者討論了清代土地業主權公共與私人保護制度的運作情形，並說明這些制度的歷史侷限如何影響未墾餘埔土地開墾活動的展開。
其次，作者利用淡新檔案的土地訴訟文書，詳論四個區域共一百三十五個各類土地控案的訴訟歷程。除了以各區域與土地開墾相關的政治、經濟脈絡分析為基礎，說明各類控案發生原因與訴訟過程外，作者並由卲式柏與柯志明的制度論分析發展出「地方治理」概念，配合既有法律史研究的文化論分析，以完整說明官員在土地聽訟活動中的法律審理邏輯。本文指出，官員主要是因應地域社會各階層行動者的互動作為與環境變化，不斷綜合估量「社會治安、行政成本與賦稅穩定（潛能）」，據以作出各種地方治理實踐。清代地方官員並不是以「法官」的形象進行聽訟活動，而是將聽訟視為整體地方治理的一環而作出其法律實踐。
作者強調分析清代民事法律文化時，應注意法律表達與實效二元關聯的問題，滋賀秀三的「情理」與寺田浩明的「冤抑/伸冤」概念在說明官員聽訟時的法律表達說詞確實有部分效力；但這些文本分析未能察覺，在這些說詞之外，官員實際上是以整體地方治理穩定為其實效考量，針對個案狀況作出其法律實踐。

關鍵字

大小租業 ； 歷史制度論 ； 社會史 ； 淡新檔案 ； 法律文化 ； 地方治理

並列摘要

The authoritative researches of civil legal history in the Qing period, such as the works on legal culture by Shiga Shuzo（滋賀秀三） and Philip C. C. Huang, or those on the legal order by Kishimoto Mio（岸本美緒） and Terada Hiroaki（寺田浩明）, are of a culturalist approach. They analyze mainly the texts of legal representation which were done during magistrate’s hearing, or the legal consciousness within contractual activities of ordinary people. These kinds of legal analysis pay little attention to the economic and political contexts. It ignores not only how the legal culture of land contract in the local society emerged from its economic development and population growth, but also how a magistrate judged a civil case in view of its economic and political impacts. Compared with the above, my dissertation is a social history study combining culturalist and institutionalist perspectives, in which I analyze the land reclamation and land litigation in Dan-Xin region of the nineteenth century Taiwan. I examine the entangled relationships among the economic development, the political transformation and the legal culture in Taiwan’s local society.
Adapting significant works by Shi Tian-fu（施添福）, John Shepherd and Ke Zhi-ming（柯志明）, I propose an analytic framework of “the social order of land contract”, in order to examine the land reclamation and land disputes in Dan-Xin region. I define the social order of land contract as the overall order built on “Da-xiao-zu-ie”（大小租業） contractual relationship, shaped by diverse political, economic and legal activities relating to the land reclamation and litigation. In the issue of land reclamation, I analyze political administration (bureaucratic institution) and economic administration (tax-corvee institution) in different levels of government, which formed the “land administration” activities. I also examine political practice (village institution) and economic practice (land tenure institution) in the local society, which organized the “land production” activities of land reclamation. In the issue of land disputes, I investigate first land disputes relating to land reclamation. Secondly, I analyze how local headmen solved these disputes by way of their legal practice (mediation institution) in the local society; in addition, I discuss how magistrates adjudicated land cases by way of legal administration (litigation institution) in the local court.
Applying Ke Zhi-ming’s historical institutionalist approach as well as Shi Tian-fu’s conception of “three geographic zones”, this dissertation examines the formation of “the social order of land contract” in the four districts respectively, Han-Reclamation District（漢墾莊）, Plains Aborigine District（熟番地）, Ai-Reclamation District（隘墾區）, and Unreclaimed District (distributed among the previous three districts)（未墾餘埔）. Based on abundant court archives, land deeds and the Japanese land survey materials at the beginning of colonial rule, I discuss the reclaiming process of the four districts on both land administration and land production dimensions. In particular, I examine a neglected issue concerning the transformation from a share cropping system to a fixed rent system in Han-Reclamation District. In Plains Aborigine District, I interpret the changes of plains aborigine land administration, and evaluate the historical impacts of the protection policies for plains aborigine land by way of measuring aborigine rental changes in Zhu-chian She land(竹塹社地). In Ai-Reclamation District, I discuss land reclamation along with the expansion of Ai-Line(隘線), in light of the historical interaction between government guardpost policies and land production activities in respective periods: later Jiaqing, later Tongzhi and Guangxu. In Unreclaimed District, I investigate the function of public and private protection institutions of land rights, and analyze how the historical restraints in these institutions had affected the reclaiming activities in unreclaimed fields.
In addition, I analyze the litigation processes of 135 land cases which were documented in the Dan-Xin Archives. I examine the causes and legal processes of these cases based on the analysis of political and economic contexts relating to land reclamation in the four districts. I also examine the logic of magistrate’s legal decisions in these cases in terms of the concept of “local governance”, developed from John Shepherd and Ke Zhi-ming’s institutionalist analysis. I see Qing state‘s local governance as the product of magistrate’s assessments of social security, administrative costs, and tax-corvee stability (or potential) in each local society. The legal administration is an important part of local governance. My argument is that instead of adjudicating as a modern judge, a magistrate dealt with the legal case in view of its impacts on the local governance.
I find that the civil legal practice in Qing period was in fact based on both its legal representations and practical effects. Shiga Shuzo’s “qingli” (情理)and Terada Hiroaki’s “yuani/shenyuan” (冤抑/伸冤) only focus merely on the legal representations of magistrate’s hearing. However, in addition to representations, a magistrate made his legal decisions in each case primarily based on his realistic assessments of the local governance.

並列關鍵字

land tenure ； historical institutionalism ； social history ； Dan-Xin Archives ； legal culture ； local governance

參考文獻

Elvin, Mark 1973 The Pattern of the Chinese Past. Standford: Standford Univ. Press.

大租調 1963 清代臺灣大租調查書，臺灣文獻叢刊 152。臺北市：臺灣銀行經濟研究室。

王泰升 1999 臺灣日治時期的法律改革。臺北：聯經出版社。

王泰升 2003 臺灣民事財產法文化的變遷──以不動產買賣為例，刊於台大法學論叢33（2），頁1-41。

王泰升、陳誌雄、魏家弘等著 2003[1995] 試評M. Allee所著Law and Local Society in Late Imperial China: Northern Taiwan in the Nineteenth Century, 原刊於臺灣史研究2卷1期，重刊於晚清中國的法律與地方社會──十九世紀的北部臺灣，M. A. Allee 著，王興安譯，頁321-330。臺北市：播種者。