跨國性科技規範模式之建構──以歐盟基因改造生物規範為例

Toward a Transnational Regulatory Model of Technology ─ in Light of EU GMO Laws

歐博翔(Po-Hsiang Ou)

指導教授 ： 蔡宗珍

國立臺灣大學/法律學院/科際整合法律學研究所/碩士(2009年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2009.00387

摘要

科技高速發展所帶來的社會風險不僅涉及倫理、健康、環境與經濟等層面，更跨越國界而成為國際性議題。由於科技的擴散性與流動性本質，目前雖已發展出諸如預防原則、實質等同以及風險分析等規範理論，卻因現行國際法統一性與執行力之低落而產生規範上的「跨國性困境」，無法有效控管全球化時代下的各種科技應用問題。解決科技法律議題中的跨國性困境，並提出對國際法的一些改革面向，乃本篇論文的核心問題意識。
針對國際法的困境，歐盟統一、集中而擁有高執行力的規範體系似乎是一個突破；而在諸多科技法議題中，又以基因改造生物（GMO）相關之規範最具爭議與代表性。因此，本研究透過分析歐盟GMO規範的運作與形成機制，建立出一套跨國性的科技規範模式。歐盟的GMO法規，首先採納預防原則作為保護義務之立法推力，再以具備民主正當性之法益權衡機制為立法溝通與跨國政治協商的平台，最後建構出水平規範、中央執行的集中式制度性架構——此乃由具體基因改造科技規範所解析出的三階層「歐盟模式」圖像。
然而，歐盟模式是否能夠普世化而成為全球性的跨國科技規範架構，在經過WTO爭端解決小組對歐體生技產品案（EC-Biotech）的裁決後，顯得格外令人質疑。歐盟於WTO的挫敗，彰顯了歐盟法與現行國際法體制之差異與衝突；但另一方面，歐盟模式對於國際科技規範秩序的形成也有正面幫助。是故，即便認為歐盟模式無法直接套用進入國際體制，或許可以透過抽取出歐盟模式之正面效益與去歐洲化，在目前的國際現實中得到較務實性的解決。基於科技議題的去主權化趨勢，國際社會可望發展出全球性的保護義務，並藉由修正WTO之制度性架構與民主化，來達成科技議題全球治理之風險管理共識與司法實踐。普世化後的跨國性科技規範模式，將三階層的歐盟模式轉化為合於國際體制的三級結構式樣貌，可望呈現出「歐盟為體、世貿為用」的有機型態。

關鍵字

基因改造 ； 風險評估 ； 風險管理 ； 風險溝通 ； 科技法 ； 歐體生技產品案 ； 跨國性規範 ； WTO民主化 ； 預防原則 ； 歐盟經驗與全球治理 ； 全球保護義務

並列摘要

The rapid development of technology brought risks to virtually every aspect in the society, from ethic, health, environment to economy, crossing national boarders and becoming an international issue. Due to the diffusing and circulating of science /technology, those current regulatory theories such as precautionary principle, substantial equivalence and risk analysis are restricted by the international law, which lacks an universal system and enforcing efficiency, thus producing a “transnational problematic,” having no effective control toward different technology applications in the age of globalization. This thesis aims to resolve this transnational problematic, meanwhile proposes some reforms for the international law.
Facing these difficulties, the unified, centralized EU law with high effectiveness seems to be a way out; and among all issues of technology law, the GMO is the most controversial and representative one. Therefore, this article constructs a transnational regulatory model of technology, through analyzing the functions, institutions and principles of EU GMO laws. This “EU Model” could be described with a three-leveled picture: first using the precautionary principle to push the GMO legislation, in order to obey the EU protection duty; then establishing a transnational political negotiating panel to weight different related interests, which is confirmed and legitimized by democracy; finally, the constructed GMO legal system is a hierarchy institutional framework, with horizontal regulations and central enforcements.
However, after the famous debate of the EC-Biotech case in WTO, whether this EU Model could be universalized into a global model became quite questionable. The failure of EU in that case has revealed a huge gap between the EU legal system and the current international law; but on the other hand, the EU Model also had some positive effects in the discourse of international agenda relating to technology laws. Hence it is still possible to reach a pragmatic solution by abstracting the three-leveled elements of the EU Model. Based on the changing definition of sovereignty in technology issues, the international community might develop a global protection duty, and then adjust the original WTO institution with deliberative democracy, in order to reach a global governance of technology with consensus on risk management and coordinated judicial practices. The three-leveled EU Model could be transformed into a universal tertiary structure with EU spirits in the WTO framework.

並列關鍵字

genetic modification ； risk assessment ； risk management ； risk communication ； technology law ； EC-Biotech case ； transnational regulation ； democracy in WTO ； precautionary principle ； EU experience and global governance ； global protection duty

參考文獻

余祁暐，〈以技術推力預測全球農業生技GMO產業發展趨勢〉，《台灣經濟研究月刊》，29卷3期，頁35-45（2006）。

李森堙，〈生物安全議定書與WTO協定：「相輔相成」的理想與現實〉，《科技法律透析》，21卷2期，頁19-23（2009）。

李森堙，〈從法制調和與地方自治的觀點看GMO-Free運動與相關區域立法〉，《科技法律透析》，21卷4期，頁28-45（2009）。

林立，〈國際法為何總是欠缺強制力的「弱法」？—兼論「歐盟是否已改變國際法的傳統運作方式」〉，《台灣國際法季刊》，4卷1期，頁129-156（2007）。

林彩瑜，〈從歐體生技產品爭端之裁決論SPS協定對GMO規範之影響〉，《台大法學論叢》，36卷4期，頁257-321（2007）。