台灣山麻雀棲地特徵與分布變動

Habitat characteristics and range shifting of Russet Sparrow (Passer cinnamomeus) in Taiwan

徐志華(Chih-Hua Hsu)

指導教授 ： 李培芬

國立臺灣大學/生命科學院/生態學與演化生物學研究所/碩士(2021年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU202100886

摘要

生物的分布受到環境因子及生物因子所影響，人為造成的地景變化可能改變物種之間的關係以及族群數量。山麻雀(Passer cinnamomeus)在台灣是稀有留鳥，在2008年時被列入一級保育類動物，繁殖季時多出現於山區道路沿線且常與村落和墾殖活動有關，早期的數量普遍，但近年來族群的數量逐漸下降，許多地區的族群甚至已經消失，而原因仍然沒有定論，推測可能是與其他物種之間的競爭、棲息環境的改變或農藥的使用等等。為找出影響山麻雀族群下降的關鍵因子，本研究先使用eBird賞鳥資料庫建立全台山麻雀棲地的環境因子特徵，並挑選三個山麻雀過去在台灣的傳統棲地－台中市谷關、台東縣利稻和屏東縣霧台，與三個現存的棲地－嘉義縣大埔、番路和梅山作為研究樣區。以Mann-Kendall 趨勢檢定法和Theil-Sen 斜率推估法分析樣區內時間尺度上之常態化差異植生指標 (Normalized difference vegetation index，NDVI)平均值和標準差的趨勢及斜率，最後以Mann-Whitney-Pettit改變點檢定法分析趨勢之改變點。結果顯示山麻雀偏好在溫度變異大、降雨季節性明顯、NDVI平均值較高和NDVI標準差較小的區域，地景覆蓋則是農耕地中散布少量的建築物。樣區內的eBird資料顯示麻雀出現在山麻雀棲地的時間早晚，似乎不影響山麻雀族群消失與否；NDVI平均值的趨勢沒有一致性；NDVI標準差則是在三個山麻雀已消失的樣區中有顯著上升的趨勢；地景改變的原因是天災影響及農作墾殖型態的改變。本研究推論山麻雀族群減少的主要原因可能不是與麻雀競爭所造成，而是因為棲地內的環境改變，希望此研究結果能對未來山麻雀研究方向及棲地保育提供一個不同的方向。

關鍵字

山麻雀 ； 常態化差異植生指標 ； eBird賞鳥資料庫 ； Mann-Kendall 趨勢檢定法

並列摘要

The distribution of species is influenced by environmental and biological factors. Landscape change resulting from anthropogenic factors can alter species interactions and population. Russet sparrow (Passer rutilans) is a rare resident of Taiwan and declared as protected species. In breeding season, Russet Sparrow can be found along the road system near villages and agriculture activity areas in mountains. The population has declined rapidly or even disappeared in many regions. The possible reasons are competition between other species and changes of habitats.
　　This study used distribution records from eBird database to build habitat characteristics of Russet sparrow in Taiwan. And three traditional habitats of Russet sparrow in the past were selected－ Guguan , Wutai and Lidao. Three existing habitats of Russet sparrow were selected－Dapu, Fanlu and Meishan. In these sampling areas, the trend of the mean and standard deviation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was analysed using the Mann-Kendall trend test and Sen's slope estimator. Then the changing point of the trend was conducted with the Mann-Whitney- Pettit test.
　　The results show habitat characteristics of Russet sparrow have higher temperature variation, precipitation seasonality, mean NDVI and lower standard deviation of NDVI with a small number of buildings scattered in the cultivated area. The population changes of Russet sparrow were not influenced by the Tree sparrow population recorded in regard of time, according to the eBird data in sampling areas. Mean NDVI in sampling areas doesn’t show trend consistency. But standard deviation of NDVI in three traditional habitats of Russet sparrow have significant upward trend. The changes of landscape may be influenced by natural disasters and the changes of cultivation type. This study reveal possible cause by Russet sparrow population declining is not due to the competition against Tree sparrow, but because of environmental changes in study area.

並列關鍵字

Russet Sparrow ； NDVI ； eBird ； Mann-Kendall trend test

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