動詞偏態對處理中文關係子句的影響: 事件相關電位研究

The Influence of Verb Bias on On-line Mandarin Relative Clause Processing: an ERP study

鍾柔安(Jou-An Chung)

指導教授 ： 李佳穎

共同指導教授 ： 李佳霖

國立臺灣大學/文學院/語言學研究所/碩士(2018年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201802684

摘要

本篇研究探討動詞偏態如何漸進地影響中文關係子句的處理。首先，我們將動詞進行分類。從中研院平衡語料庫4.0 版本中，挑選出44 個動詞，分類出三種動詞偏態: 傾向接上受詞(Direct Object ,DO)、子句(Sentential Complement, SC),以及接上受詞和子句比例相當的動詞(Equilibrium Balanced ,EQ)。接下來，本研究使用事件相關電位(Event-Related Potential, ERP) 技術探討動詞偏態如何分別影響受詞關係子句(Objective Relative Clause, ORC) 與主詞關係子句(Subjective Relative Clause, SRC) 的處理。
實驗一研究動詞偏態對受詞關係子句的影響。上述的三種動詞類型分別接上受詞關係子句。此實驗的四個主要觀察位置，依序為 RC noun 、 RC verb 、RC marker DE 、 head noun。實驗結果發現動詞偏態漸進地影響受詞關係子句的處理。此影響首先展現在處理傾向接受詞的動詞的情況時，其接上的RC verb 比傾向接子句的動詞引發較正的frontal positivity。此外，此影響也延續到接下來的
RC marker DE 與 head noun。相較於傾向接子句的動詞，於傾向接受詞的動詞之情況下，RC marker DE 引發較負的N400，以及head noun 引發較負的frontal negativity。實驗一呈現出傾向接受詞的動詞接上受詞關係子句比傾向接子句的動詞狀況更容易處理。
實驗二研究動詞偏態對主詞關係子句的影響。實驗二和實驗一最大的不同在於語序。實驗一中的受詞關係子句符合中文的語序(主詞＋動詞＋受詞)而實驗二的主詞關係子句卻不符合。因此，語序的不同或許會在實驗二中扮演重要的角色。實驗二的四個主要觀察位置，依序為RC verb 、 RC noun 、 RC marker DE 、 head noun。實驗結果發現動詞偏態漸進地影響主詞關係子句且凸顯出中文語序的重要性。處理傾向接受詞的動詞的情況時，相較於於傾向接子句的動詞，其接上的RC verb 引發更正的late frontal positivity。然而，處理傾向接子句的
動詞時，相較於於傾向接受詞的動詞，其接上的RC verb 引發更負的N400。這顯示於第一個實驗中，傾向接子句的動詞所佔的優勢並未在處理主詞關係子句中出現。兩個實驗最大的不同在於語序。因此，語序的不同使得不論處理傾向接受詞的動詞或是子句的動詞上，皆產生不同的困難。此困難也延續至其後的RC marker DE與head noun。此外，接受詞或子句比例相當的動詞在接上受詞關係子句或是主詞關係子句
上，有不同的效果。當此類動詞接上受詞關係子句時，其展現類似於傾向接上受詞的動詞的效果;而接上主詞關係子句時。此類動詞並沒有展現與任何類型相似的效果。
綜觀兩個實驗的結果，此研究不僅展現動詞偏態漸進地影響中文關係子句的處理外，也凸顯出語序在中文關係子句的處理中扮演重要的角色。

關鍵字

動詞偏態（效果） ； 關係子句 ； 語法處理 ； 漸進式處理

並列摘要

This study investigated how verb bias which carries both syntactic and semantic information incrementally modulates RC processing in Mandarin. We first conducted a
norming study for the classification of verb bias. Forty-four verbs, chosen from Academia Sinica Balanced Corpus of Modern Chinese, version 4.0 were classified into three types of bias: Direct Object (DO), Sentential Complement (SC), and Equilibrium
Balanced (EQ). Two event-related potentials (ERPs) experiments were then conducted to address how verb bias respectively influences the real-time ORC and SRC processing. Experiment 1 examined the verb effect in ORC processing, in which each
type of verb bias was followed by a ORC (1stnoun + RC verb + RC marker DE + head noun). ERPs data for four target regions of RC structure were analyzed. The result showed verb bias effect on ORC processing and the difficulty of processing ORCs
following DO-bias verbs, as first reflected by larger frontal positivity (617-1000ms) on the RC verb in DO-bias condition than that in SC-bias condition. It indicated the
difficulty of processing unexpected but plausible syntactic structure. This effect also lasted on the subsequent RC marker DE and head noun. RC marker DE following DO bias
verb elicited larger N400 than that following SC-bias verb, indicating the difficulty of integrating DE to the expectation of “the concept of event”. Furthermore, head noun following DO-bias verb elicited frontal negativity, suggesting the need of establishing the referential binding between the DO-bias verb and its correspondent referent.
Experiment 2 assessed the verb effect on SRC processing, in which each type of verb bias was followed by a SRC (RC verb + 1stnoun + RC marker DE + head noun). Distinct processing difficulty between conditions suggested the influence of both verb
bias and word order on SRC processing. The difficulty of processing SRCs following DO-bias verb was first supported by the late frontal positivity elicited by RC verb
following DO-bias verb than that following SC-bias verb. However, the difficulty of processing SRCs following SC-bias verb was demonstrated by larger N400 responses
on RC verb than that in DO-bias condition. It implied that the variability of syntactic structure following the SC-bias verb did not provide an advantage for processing ongoing syntactic structure. The role of word order has to be considered since it
competed with the characteristics of SC-bias verb in terms of the role in sentence processing. Moreover, this difficulty also lasted on the subsequent RC marker DE and
head noun, such as the need of additional memory resources due to the thematic-role ambiguity in parsing head noun following SC-bias verb. The processing of EQ-bias verbs following ORCs was different from that following SRCs. EQ-bias verbs following ORCs exhibit a similar pattern as the DO bias verbs did. However, when following SRCs, they did not exhibit similar processing pattern with either DO-bias verbs or SC-bias verbs.
In sum, this study not only provided ERP evidence that verb bias incrementally influences Mandarin RC processing but also revealed the crucial role of word order in
RC processing.

並列關鍵字

verb bias (effect) ； relative clause processing ； syntactic processing ； incremental process

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