中國僱員的工作特質及生活品質之相關性：性別的影響

Associations of Job Characteristics and Life Quality in Chinese Employees: the Influences of Gender

程事環(Shihuan Cheng)

指導教授 ： 鄭雅文

國立臺灣大學/公共衛生學院/健康政策與管理研究所/碩士(2020年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU202002615

摘要

背景：工作特質的性別差異，是觀察中國性別不平等的重要指標。在中國，不良的工作特質對生活品質的不利影響仍未經深入討論，也並未有實證研究探討性別是否影響工作與生活品質之間的相關。本研究旨在探討中國僱員的工作特質是否有性別差異、哪些工作特質與不良的生活品質有關，以及工作特質與生活品質的相關性是否存有性別差異。
方法：本研究使用的資料來自中國中山大學社會科學調查中心於2014年進行的「中國勞動力動態調查」。該調查覆蓋中國的29個省市，調查對象為家庭中的勞動力年齡人口（年齡15-64歲）。以多階段、多層次與勞動力規模成比例的概率抽樣方法進行抽樣，採取計算機輔助調查（Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing）進行入戶訪問。調查的項目包括社會分層、勞動力流動、社會網路及參與、勞動者的權利與福利、社會支持、勞動者狀態與健康狀態等內容。此項研究包括5,797名僱員。首先使用卡方檢驗是否存在工作特徵的性別差異，並採用羅吉斯回歸分析工作特徵與生活品質的相關性，最後採用分層羅吉斯回歸檢驗性別對工作特徵及生活品質相關性的影響。工作特徵包括收入、工作控制和工作負荷。生活質量包括身體疼痛、自評健康、工作滿意度和生活滿意度。
結果：相較於女性，更多男性僱員每週工作40個小時以上，更多男性擔任經理職位，並且工作的體力負荷更高。根據羅吉斯分析結果，發現不良的工作特質與較差的生活品質指標相關。較低收入（相較於高收入組），高體力負荷（相較於低負荷）會提高僱員的四項不良生活品質指標的風險；而高認知負荷則會增加僱員報告身體疼痛，自評不健康及生活不滿意的機會。相較於每週工作40個小時，每週工作大於40小時及小於40小時都會提高僱員身體疼痛的風險。而對工作控制較低的僱員則會有較低的工作滿意度。但是，高認知負荷會提升僱員的工作滿意度（OR= 0.70, 95%CI 0.55-0.89）。根據性別進行分層羅吉斯分析，發現不同的工作特質與較差的生活品質指標的相關性存在性別差異。僅對於女性僱員而言，相較於每週工作工作40小時，每週工作小於40小時的女性僱員報告身體疼痛、自評不健康及生活不滿意的風險顯著；而每週工作大於40小時的女性雇員則報告自評不健康及生活不滿意的風險顯著。另外，高體力負荷僅顯著增加女性雇員自評不健康的風險。而對於男性僱員而言，高認知負荷顯著提高了自評不健康的風險；高體力負荷及低工作控制則僅顯著增加低工作滿意度的風險。此外，高認知負荷增加工作滿意度僅對女性僱員顯著。但是，對性別對工作特質及生活品質的相關性之調節作用進行的檢驗發現不良的工作特質與女性的生活品質之相關性沒有一致的結果。
結論：本研究發現相較於女性僱員，男性僱員的工作控制及工作負荷更高。低收入、每週工時不等於40小時(大於40小時及小於40小時)、較低的工作控制及較高的工作負荷會增加不良生活品質的風險。對每週工作時間不為40小時、高工作負荷及低工作控制與不良生活品質的相關關係在性別間的差異進行調節作用的檢驗，發現差異不顯著。根據本文結果，應當完善勞動法律及政策以保障性別平等的工作條件。通過收入再分配程序減少工資的差異對生活品質的影響，落實勞動檢查制度實施以避免僱員的過長工時及過重的勞動負荷，並給予更多的工作控制，以保障僱員的生活品質。建議政策納入性別差異，例如特別考慮高工作體力負荷及非標準工作造成女性生活品質更大的損害，或是男性的認知負荷對自評健康更強的損害。

關鍵字

工作特質 ； 生活品質 ； 性別 ； 生活滿意度 ； 認知負荷

並列摘要

Background: Gender difference in job characteristics has been concerned as an aspect of gender inequalities. However, the effects on life quality of adverse job characteristics have not been fully discussed in the Chinese context, nor have been discussed the possible modification effects of gender on the associations between job characteristics and life quality. This study aimed at studying the gender difference of job characteristics and the association between job characteristics and life quality. In addition, the modifying effect of gender on the associations between job characteristics and quality of life was examined.

Methods: Data used in this study were from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS) of 2014 conducted by the Center for Social Science Survey of the Sun Yat-sen University. Study participants were recruited from 29 provinces of mainland China, by a probability-proportional-to-size (PPS) sampling method, clustered in multi-stage. With the assistance of computers, researchers interviewed all members of the selected households who were within the working age range, i.e., 15 to 64 years old. Questionnaire contents included social stratification, labor rights and interests kand labor health. A total of 5,797 employees participated in this study. Chi-square test was used to examine the gender difference of job characteristics, logistic regression was adapted to examine the associations of job characteristics and life quality, and stratified logistic regression was conducted to examine the modifying effects of gender. Job characteristics examined in this study were income, job control and job demands, and quality of life examined in this study included bodily pain, self-rated health, job satisfaction and life satisfaction.

Results: Compared to female employees, more male employees worked for over 40 hours a week, worked as managerial positions, and had higher physical job demand. The results of logistic regression found that undesirable job characteristics were associated with poor quality of life. Lower income(compared to higher income) and high physical demand(compared to low physical demand) increased the risk of four quality of life indicators, while high cognitive demand(compared to low cognitive demand) increased the risks of reporting bodily pain, poor self-rated health and life dissatisfaction. Stratified by genders, the analysis showed that there existed the gender difference of association between job characteristics and quality of life. However, no consistent results were found among female employees.

Conclusion: In this study, it was found that compared to female employees, male employees were more likely to work for over 40 hours a week, worked as a manager, and to have higher physical job demand. Low income, not working for 40 hours a week, lower job control and high physical and cognitive demand were associated with employees’ poor quality of life. However, gender differences in the associations of job characteristics and quality of life were not significant. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the improvement of labor laws and policies are essential to assure labor rights and benefits. Occupational health policy should aim at narrowing the income-related inequalities in quality of health through redistribution, and strengthen the labor supervision on job characteristics to control employees’ working hours and job demands to a desirable degree, while offering higher job control of work, in order to protect employees’ life quality. As this study found greater associations of high physical demand and non-standard work shift with life quality in women than men, and greater associations of cognitive demand and poor self-rated health in men than women, it is suggested that occupational health policy should take gender into consideration to ensure gender equity in a substantive sense.

並列關鍵字

job characteristics ； quality of life ； gender ； life satisfaction ； cognitive demand

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