近年熱傷害研究與溫度指標探討─以台灣為例

The Impact of Extremely High Temperature and Heat Stress on Human Health in Taiwan

韓恩弘(En-Hong Han)

指導教授 ： 羅敏輝

國立臺灣大學/理學院/氣候變遷與永續發展國際學位學程/碩士(2019年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201902902

摘要

近年來氣候變遷下所導致的極端高溫事件於世界各地相較於過去更頻繁發生，這些高溫事件不但導致醫療成本的增加與經濟損失，造成民眾的健康威脅事件也層出不窮。
許多文獻指出，極端高溫所造成的熱傷害會受許多因素左右，舉凡基礎設施建設程度、醫療資源、人口組成、民眾耐受度、地理環境、工作型態等，皆會影響民眾面對高溫時所選擇的避險方式。為因應眾多因素所導致的熱傷害差異，部分國家採用不同的溫度指標，希望找出最適合當地的熱傷害指標，以保護易感族群遠離熱傷害威脅為目的。
雖然在台灣尚未有國際定義的熱浪出現，但近年確實出現更多、更強的高溫事件已成事實，未來也可能會有無法預測之極端高溫發生。為未雨綢繆，本研究將過去6年的熱傷害現象與發生熱傷害當時的溫度相互比較，希望藉此找出屬於台灣的熱傷害溫度閾值，再進一步找出符合台灣的熱傷害溫度指標。
研究結果發現，在台灣，65歲以上的族群相較其他年齡層更易受熱傷害威脅；以地理區域來看，東部縣市發生率相對西部縣市更高。此外，本研究也發現以上結果隨著不同縣市產生差異，證明熱傷害預警標準可能須因地制宜訂定，無法以單一標準衡量之。進一步分析六都的溫度指標，則是每日平均濕球溫度(Wet-Bulb Temperature)對於熱傷害發生的趨勢最能夠先看見，未來或許可以此溫度作為熱傷害預警使用。
除了年齡與地理區域外，對高溫造成的熱傷害相關研究還受到人口結構、氣候環境、醫療資源等多種因子影響。為達到減少熱傷害發生的目標，除了朝向建立因地制宜的溫度指標努力外，還可以針對各縣市進行社會性分析，可以更全面的了解當地特性，以面對未來的高溫困境。

關鍵字

氣候變遷 ； 極端高溫 ； 熱傷害

並列摘要

The extreme high-temperature events induced by climate change are happening more frequently than before all over the world in recent years. These events are causing not only the increase in the medical costs and a decrease in the economic profits but also the elevation in health risks. Many literatures indicate that the heat stress created by the extremely high temperatures would be affected by multiple factors. The awareness of the public toward high temperatures has risen in recent years in Taiwan. This study analyzes the heat stress events happening in the past six years, searches for the threshold for the heat stress in Taiwan. The results reveal that the generation of age higher than sixty-five years old may be threatened by heat stress more than the other generations. The incidence rate is higher in eastern cities than that in western cities. With further investigation into the heat indices for the six cities, the average daily wet-bulb temperature is the best precursor for the trend of heat stress. There are still many other dimensions that should be included, e.g., demographical structure, climatological environment, medical resource in Taiwan, etc. which might influence the results of this study. If we want to prevent from heat stress, striving for a customized standard and also the social analysis targeting every city will be useful in the future.

並列關鍵字

climate change ； extreme high temperature ； heat stress

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