- 學位論文
微機電系統產業發展歷程與廠商競爭優勢之探析
A Study on the Industry Evolution and Players’ Competitive Advantages of Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System Industry
摘要
當器件尺寸微縮之後，生產所需原料減少，容易大量的批次製造，因而可以大幅降低生產成本。從功能上來說，微縮尺寸還能提高器件的精度、產生新的元件特性、容易整合各種元件而衍生出複雜系統，產生前所未見的新奇功能。微機電系統（以下簡稱MEMS）是半導體產業之外，另一個基於「尺寸微縮」而發展出來的重大產業。如同IC產品一樣，MEMS產品充斥在我們日常生活與工作環境中，為我們提供多樣化的便利性，並且提升開發未來的能力。 從技術的觀點來看，這兩種產業有很多相似的地方，然而，MEMS產業的發展卻不如半導體產業，至今MEMS市場總值不到半導體總產值的3%。這當中顯然有些根本的因素，導致產生如此巨大差異的商業結果。因此，本研究擬針對此一議題進行系統性的探討。 本研究首先進行MEMS的基本結構和製程技術分析，並且比較MEMS與IC的差異。我們發現高度的多樣性和複雜性，是導致MEMS產業發展遠遠落後IC產業的原因之一。接著，本研究根據次級資料，整理出MEMS產業所經歷的三波產業發展熱潮，最終形成快速變化與競爭的產業型態。在超競爭的產業環境中，增加產品附加價值是MEMS供應商提升競爭能力的重要策略，供應商需要擁有多種技術以及高度整合能力。透過購併可以縮短取得新能力的時間，因此併購成為MEMS供應商迅速發展技術、業務能力的重要途徑。為求在變動快速的環境中維持競爭優勢，成功的MEMS供應商分別採取不同的策略，包括：技術創新、差異化、垂直整合和首動者優勢。 晶圓代工模式所產生專業化與規模化的效益，是助長半導體產業蓬勃發展的主要原因之一，然而，專業分工的模式並沒有成功地被複製到MEMS產業，關鍵原因在於MEMS產業沒有標準製程。缺乏標準製程使得MEMS代工業者面對製程技術不容易形成規模經濟，製造成本沒有足夠數量的廠商可以共同分攤的困境，因此在MEMS產業無法形成完整而有效率的垂直分工模式。
並列摘要
When the size of the device is reduced, the first benefit is that the volume of the required raw materials for production is reduced, therefore it is easy for mass-production in batch, thereby greatly reducing the production cost. Furthermore, from a functionality viewpoint, miniaturization increases accuracy of the device, generates new characteristics, and easily integrates various components to create a complex system that produce unprecedented novelty. In addition to the semiconductor industry, Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System (MEMS, hereafter) is the major industry based on miniaturization technology. There are lots of similarities between these two technologies and hence industries. However, the MEMS industry hasn’t developed and grown as prosperous as the semiconductor industry. The total revenue of the MEMS industry is less than 3% of semiconductor industry nowadays. Obviously, there are some fundamental factors leading to such huge differences of business results, an interesting issue which motivates the present thesis work. This study first analyzed the basic structures and process technology of MEMS, and compared the differences between MEMS and IC. It was found that high degree of diversity and complexity is one of the reasons why the development of the MEMS industry is far behind the IC industry. Then, based on the marketing data and research reports of the past 20 years, this study identified three waves of industrial development boom experienced by the MEMS industry and found that the MEMS industry finally became rapidly changing and strongly competing. In such a hypercompetitive environment, increasing added value of products was an important strategy for MEMS suppliers to enhance their competitiveness. Suppliers therefore needed to have multiple technologies and strong capability of integration. M&A was one of the important ways for MEMS suppliers to rapidly develop their technical and business capabilities. We also found that several successful MEMS suppliers took different strategies from technology innovation, differentiation, vertical integration and first-mover advantage, among others. However, not like the foundry model established in the semiconductor industry, MEMS industry did not occur the same effect. The heterogeneity of the development and manufacturing processes, i.e., “One Product, One Process”, may explain such a deviation. The lack of standard processes made it difficult to reach economy of scale for MEMS foundry and therefore the manufacturing costs could not be lowered effectively through vertical dis-integration model, like the industry landscape occurring in the semiconductor industry. Implications of our research results and suggestions for future research are also discussed.
參考文獻
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