物質主義的反撲：台灣社會民粹主義的群眾基礎

隨著民粹主義在歐美政治的興起，其重要性日益受到關注，研究框架從政治領導人的供給側轉向至民粹群眾的需求側，但此研究議題在台灣較少被探討，本文將先從意識形態面向去建構民粹主義，再從目前兩個相互競爭的理論去探討台灣民粹主義的社會群眾基礎，亦即經濟或文化焦慮將導致民粹主義態度。　　本文分成兩個部份檢驗台灣民粹主義的群眾基礎，首先利用東亞民主動態調查第四波與第五波的台灣問卷進行統計分析，並發現民粹主義群眾在兩波資料中具有低教育程度、高齡與傳統主義的特徵，但在馬英九執政時期的第四波資料中，以泛綠陣營較為民粹，而在蔡英文執政時期的第五波資料中，以泛藍陣營較為民粹，再根據迴歸模型分析，驗證本文經濟與文化焦慮的研究假設。　　第二部分將以台灣民粹主義的政治現象驗證假設，提供初步的質化研究，分別以太陽花學運與韓國瑜現象各自代表國民黨與民進黨執政下的民粹現象，前者一定程度符合經濟不安全感的假設，而後者同時符合了經濟與文化不安全感的假設。

關鍵字

民粹主義；文化反撲；物質主義；全球化；需求側

並列摘要

Populism has dominated the research agenda since it gained public support in Western countries. Scholars have moved their research agenda from the supply side of political elites to the demand side of the mass in recent years. However, this research framework hasn’t been applied to Taiwan’s case study. Therefore, this thesis will start with constructing populism from its ideological features. We will then examine the mass basis of populism in Taiwan’s society with two competing theories. The economic approach proposes that populist attitude stems from economic anxiety which results from rapid modernization and globalization. On the other hand, the cultural approach claims that cultural anxiety associated with the silent revolution of post-materialism results in populist attitude. The research consists of two parts to examine the mass basis of populism in Taiwan. The first part uses the fourth and fifth waves of Asian Barometer Survey in Taiwan. The statistical analyses demonstrate that people with populist attitude tend to be low-educated, older and conservative in two wave surveys. Furthermore, people who identify themselves as supporters of Pan-Green Coalition tend to be more populist in fourth wave survey conducted under KMT governance. On the contrary, people from Pan-Blue Coalition will be more populist under DPP rule according to the fifth wave survey. At last, the regression models confirm both economic and cultural hypotheses. The second part focus on populist movements in Taiwan’s politics, which provides preliminary qualitative research. Sun Flower Movement and Guo-Yu, Han Phenomenon respectively represent populist movements under KMT and DPP rule. The former could corroborate the economic hypothesis to some extent, and the latter fits both economic and cultural hypotheses.