建置臺北市立動物園馬來貘四季食譜

馬來貘（Tapirus indicus）是棲息在熱帶雨林的非反芻草食獸。臺北市立動物園飼養五隻馬來貘，但在過往照護期間曾出現一些異常現象。充分了解其天然的食性與習性，有助於改善照護方式及保育此瀕危物種。本研究經由後述步驟探討臺北市立動物園照護馬來貘四季食譜：(1)定期採樣分析食譜每樣食材的營養組成改變，並實測每種食材在各季的實際採食量。(2)定期檢視糞便外觀性狀，並採樣進行菌相分析。(3)定期血檢。進而評估原食譜是否有營養不足的狀況，並根據文獻收集本地與文獻中馬來貘喜愛樹種同科樹木的樹葉跟現有食材進行偏好比對測試與組成分分析。接續進行替代測試，檢視採食量、糞便外觀性狀、糞便成分分析、糞便菌相分析及血液學檢查。試驗結果顯示，四季馬來貘之腸道益菌與病原菌比值平均為1.078 ，糞便評分為 4.7 分，無下痢現象發生。血液生化值結果顯示四季皆無貧血狀況發生，但白蛋白濃度除夏季外皆低於正常值。可消化能(DE)攝取量均為 0.14 Mcal/kg0.75/d 以上，高於 Pagan (1998) 建議的 0.12 (Mcal/kg0.75/d)，而且本研究四季的馬來貘體態評分偏胖、糞便評分偏軟，可以考量提高四季食譜配方的蛋白質含量及限制粒料餵食量，以調降 DE 濃度。而可消化蛋白質(DP)攝取量為 8.1 g/kg0.75/d是夏季食譜調整後讓所有馬來貘血液中白蛋白濃度達到正常值的條件。綜上所述，在動物園照護時，植栽須注意季節性營養分及莖葉比例的變動，計算餵飼量時須注意給予足量富含蛋白質的樹葉，使馬來貘採食足夠的蛋白質使血液中白蛋白濃度達到正常值。且需限制精料量至 AZA (2013) 建議的精芻比 3:7，避免過高的可消化能攝取量，以達到理想的體態及糞便評分。本試驗結果可提供日後動物園照護馬來貘調整食譜時評估的參考，也可供後續比照此模式尋找更多馬來貘喜愛的植栽，提高給飼植栽的多樣性。

關鍵字

臺北市立動物園；馬來貘；四季食譜；體態評分；糞便評分；菌相分析

並列摘要

The Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus) is non-ruminant herbivores that inhabit tropical rainforests. In Taiwan, five Malayan tapirs are kept in Taipei Zoo, two adult males, two adult females, and one male calf. During the past years, some abnormal phenomena have occurred on these tapirs, such as soft feces, diarrhea, vomiting, and low serum albumin concentration. Therefore, more thorough understanding of their natural food habits will help to improve conservation of this endangered species. This study was intended to examine the seasonal recipes of Malayan tapirs in Taipei Zoo by: (1) Regularly monitor the changes in the nutritional composition of each ingredient in the recipes; (2) Regularly inspect the appearance of feces and take samples for bacterial composition analysis; (3) Regular hematological tests for health evaluation. Forage replacement test was conducted in each season to collect data of feed intake, fecal appearance traits, fecal composition, fecal bacterial composition and hematological profile. The results showed that the ratio of beneficial bacteria to pathogenic bacteria in feces in four seasons was 1.078 on average, and fecal score was 4.7, no diarrhea. The results of blood biochemical profile showed that there was no anemia in four seasons, but the albumin concentration was lower than normal except in summer. Digestible energy (DE) intake is above 0.14 Mcal/kg 0.75/d. The digestible protein (DP) intake of 8.1 g/kg0.75/d was the best condition for all Malayan tapir blood to reach a normal albumin concentrations after adjusting the summer recipes. In summary, the results of this study can serve as a reference for future evaluation and adjustment of diet recipes for Malayan tapirs. It can also be used to find more plants that Malayan tapirs may prefer and increase their food diversity.