- 學位論文
政府介入事業活動與事業之公平交易法責任
Governmental Intervention in Enterprise Activities and the Enterprise’s Liability Under the Fair Trade Act
摘要
本文旨在探討國家介入事業活動的類型對於事業公平交易法責任的影響。本文以國家介入的時間點�主動性為經，以本、外國政府為緯，區分成三個情形分別討論。第一部分係針對政府「被動」地因事業向其表達訴求而採取具有限制競爭效果之法律或政策的情形，儘管此一限制競爭之結果係因事業之行為所促成，然事業表達訴求的行為亦屬正當權利之行使，就此不同權利規範的衝突，本文以美國法上關於Noerr-Pennington原則的討論為借鏡，從民主的角度認為原則上公平交易法應有所退讓而不予適用。第二部分針對政府「主動」地鼓勵甚至要求事業為限制競爭行為時事業所應負之公平交易法責任，本文主要聚焦於政府以行政指導要求事業採取限制競爭行為的情形，於此情形，事業儘管是聽從政府的指示，惟其行為仍屬典型公平交易法所欲規制的對象，因此僅得從依法行政原則以及事業參與的主動程度來決定事業是否得例外地阻卻公平交易法責任。第三部分則於國際貿易的層面上討論前揭政府被動、主動介入事業活動的情形，即外國政府被動地受到事業訴求而採取限制競爭措施，以及外國政府主動地要求事業採取限制競爭行為的情形，於此情形中，公平交易法的退讓程度將因外國主權涉入的程度高低而不同。綜上，本文以為，依照政府介入事業活動的不同型態，事業免於公平交易法責任的型態亦應有所不同，期以本文討論確立公平交易法適用的範圍與界限。
並列摘要
The thesis seeks to provide an overview of how governmental intervention in enterprise activities affects the enterprise’s liability under the Fair Trade Act. Based on the activeness and timing of governmental intervention as well as whether such intervention is from foreign or domestic government, the thesis develops its discussion under three different scenarios. In the first part, the government, who in the end adopts anticompetitive measures, is “passively” motivated by enterprise’s petition. Although anticompetitive result is caused by enterprise’s action, such petitioning is an act protected under right to petition. For such conflict of rights, referring Noerr-Pennington doctrine in the U.S. jurisdiction, the thesis proposes that such petitioning act, although anticompetitive, should be immunized from the Fair Trade Act from the perspective of the operation of democracy. In the second part, the government actively encourages, and even demands the enterprise to take anticompetitive actions. The thesis focuses on the administrative guidance issued by the government to enterprises. Under such scenario, although the enterprise follows the government’s instruction, its action is typically what the Fair Trade aims at. The thesis discusses about whether the enterprise’s action can be an “exception” under the Fair Trade Act from the perspectives of the principle of rule of law and the activeness of enterprise. In the third part, the aforementioned two scenarios are proposed in the context of international trade. With the impact of foreign sovereign, the enterprise’s liability and the possible defenses depends on how foreign sovereign involves in the enterprise’s activities. To conclude, the thesis distinguish different scenarios in which the enterprise has different immunity or exception under the Fair Trade Act. It is expected that the thesis can help delineating the purview of the Fair Trade Act.