不同人類發展程度國家與大臺北地區臍帶血鉛濃度趨勢探討

鉛被廣泛應用在工業產品與日常生活中。而不易降解的特徵，使鉛存在環境的所有部分，如水、土壤、水，甚至食物鏈中。人體主要的鉛暴露途徑是吸入和食入。鉛並非人體必需的元素，多項研究指出鉛可能使人體幾乎所有器官或系統產生廣泛的不良健康影響，例如神經、腎臟、生殖和發育等方面。此外，鉛很容易穿過胎盤，因此懷孕時期鉛暴露可能對胎兒產生不良健康影響。在過去的幾十年中，有鉛汽油被認為是人體血鉛濃度上升的主要貢獻。近年來各國遂制定相關政策以減低環境鉛污染，臍帶血鉛濃度也逐漸下降。本研究針對1985年至2018年大臺北地區一系列的臍帶血鉛濃度研究做進一步分析，呈現大臺北地區近三十年的臍帶血鉛濃度遞變情形。並透過蒐集各國之臍帶血濃度文獻，探討不同人類發展指數國家的臍帶血鉛濃度差異，利用統計分析預估未來臍帶血鉛濃度趨勢。有鉛汽油逐漸減用至完全禁用的期間，大臺北地區臍帶血鉛濃度大幅下降。自1985年至1992年臍帶血鉛濃度減少一半以上。2000年有鉛汽油完全禁用後臍帶血鉛濃度下降幅度逐漸緩和，臍帶血鉛濃度變化與同時期的有鉛汽油使用量、空氣鉛濃度趨勢相似。各國文獻蒐集結果指出，不同人類發展指數國家的臍帶血鉛濃度皆有下降傾向，且越高人類發展指數國家的臍帶血鉛濃度越低。不過近十年極高度人類發展指數國家的臍帶血鉛濃度穩定落在相對低的濃度值10 μg/L，沒有明顯的下降情形。2004年大臺北地區平均臍帶血鉛濃度與極高度人類發展國家的臍帶血鉛濃度趨勢相近，以大臺北地區2016～2018年的臍帶血鉛濃度回推極高度人類發展指數國家在相當濃度下的相對年代，顯示大臺北地區臍帶血鉛濃度降低速度比起極高度人類發展指數國家的血鉛濃度平均降低速度要來得快。利用線性迴歸推估未來的臍帶血鉛濃度，2050年的極高度人類發展指數國家與高度、中度以及低度人類發展指數國家臍帶血鉛濃度值分別為4.93±0.34 μg/L、10.03 ± 2.79 μg/L。長年穩定的低臍帶血鉛濃度顯示人們將持續暴露於環境鉛污染，但環境鉛污染組成變得複雜且不易釐清，需要持續長時間監測臍帶血鉛濃度以利了解人體鉛暴露原因與防制之道。

關鍵字

鉛；臍帶血；變遷；人類發展指數；臺北

並列摘要

Lead is widely used in various applications in industry and daily life. Due to not being readily degraded, lead can be found in all compartments of the environment – air, soil, water, and even in the food chain. The two main routes for human lead exposure are inhalation and ingestion. However, lead is not essential element in human body, and it could cause a wide spectrum of adverse health effects in almost all organs or systems, such as neurological, renal, reproductive, and developmental effects. In addition, lead could readily pass through the placenta, and cause adverse health effects to fetus during the maternal pregnancy. In the past decades, leaded gasoline has been recognized as the most significant contributor to the increased blood lead level in human. In recent years, countries around the world have adopted relevant policies to reduce environmental lead pollution, and therefore the cord blood lead levels (CBLLs) have been gradually decreasing. The present study further explored a series of five studies conducted in the Great Taipei Metropolitan Area about CBLLs from 1985 to 2018. Based on the data provided by these five studies, the transitions of CBLLs in the Great Taipei Metropolitan Area was clearly illustrated. In this study, literatures review for CBLLs around the world were also conducted though research searching on PubMed and Google Scholar. The differences in the CBLLs among various human development index (HDI) countries were explored, and the future CBLLs are predicted based on the CBLL trends in the past decades for the upcoming thirty years through statistical analysis. During the time period when the leaded gasoline use was being gradually reduced till it was completely ceased, the CBLLs in the Great Taipei Metropolitan Area dropped significantly. From 1985 to 1992, the CBLLs was reduced by more than 50%. After the leaded gasoline use was completely ceased in 2000, the decreasing trend of CBLLs was slowing down. Similar decreasing trends were also found for the leaded gasoline use and air lead levels. Results of literature review on CBLL studies around the world indicated that the CBLLs in various HDI countries generally decreased in the past years, and the countries with higher HDI presented the lower CBLLs. However, the CBLLs level around at a relatively low concentration of 10 μg/L in the past decade without continuously significant decreasing trend. In 2004, CBLLs in the Great Taipei Metropolitan Area is close to those of the very high HDI countries. Using the CBLLs of the Great Taipei Metropolitan Area in 2016~2018 to estimate the year the very high HDI countries reaching the same CBLL based upon the statistically regression line established based upon the CBLL trends in the past decades, it was shown that the CBLLs decreased faster in the Great Taipei Metropolitan Area as compared the very high HDI countries. For the prospective thirty years, CBLLs could be predicted with the similarly resulted regression lines. It is estimated that, in 2050, CBLLs of the very high HDI countries and the other countries would be 4.93±0.34μg /L and 10.03 ± 2.79 μg/L, respectively. Long-term steadily low CBLLs imply that people would be continuously exposed to environmental lead pollution resulted from subtle and inexplorable sources. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously monitor CBLLs in order to figure out the lead exposure routes and how to interrupt them.

並列關鍵字

lead ； cord blood ； transition ； human development index ； Taipei

參考文獻

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不同人類發展程度國家與大臺北地區臍帶血鉛濃度趨勢探討

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