菇類栽培殘基與可溶性濃縮糖蜜醱酵液於替代性芻料開發之整合利用

本研究目的在探討將菇類栽培太空包廢棄物轉換為反芻動物的芻料來源之有效方式，並評估其應用於反芻動物飼糧之效果，希望提供國內此類廢棄物問題之解決方式，並轉換為反芻動物芻料的替代性來源。試驗以香菇及杏鮑菇之太空包栽培殘基為原料，利用體外發酵及產氣動力學，評估經過不同化學處理後的太空包殘基之消化利用特性。第一階段以下列四種方式進行化學處理：(1)控制組 (2)添加50％氫氧化鈉（NaOH）至乾基重量之5％ (3)添加35％過氧化氫（H2O2）至乾基重量之3.5％ (4)同時添加氫氧化鈉與過氧化氫之複合處理(NaOH + H2O2, AHP)。樣品於處理後第0、2、4及7天進行收集，分析不同化學處理後對原料結構及消化率的影響。第二階段選擇對各種太空包殘基具較佳效果之處理條件天數，添加5％濃縮糖蜜醱酵液（condensed molasses solubles, CMS），測試補充可提供快速利用碳氮源的效果。第三階段以處理後太空包殘基，取代部分或全部之乳牛完全混合日糧中盤固乾草，再搭配CMS之添加，以找出實際可用於飼糧之取代模式。試驗之產氣動力學以兩階段指數模型進行模擬，以求得發酵過程中不同降解速度部分之比例與降解速率，並同時分析體外發酵後所收集之揮發性脂肪酸（volatile fatty acids, VFA）濃度、氨態氮濃度及微生物蛋白質（microbial crude protein, MCP）合成效率，以評估添加CMS及不同太空包殘基替代率對於瘤胃發酵時能氮平衡的影響。研究結果顯示，香菇栽培殘基在NaOH和AHP處理後，中洗纖維（NDF）及酸洗纖維（ADF）約降低10至15％，而體外消化率可提升至少20％，且使用處理當天之樣品進行發酵即有較高濃度的VFA、氨態氮及MCP合成效率。杏鮑菇栽培殘基則在NaOH和AHP處理後，NDF及ADF約降低5至10％，而體外消化率也提高15％，但需在處理後第4天才有較佳的結果。香菇及杏鮑菇之栽培殘基在單獨使用NaOH和AHP處理後，均顯著提高慢速利用部分基質之產氣貢獻（p < 0.05），同時加快發酵速率。不同化學處理之殘基於CMS添加後，其VFA濃度均有增加之現象。以香菇栽培殘基對完全混合日糧中之盤固乾草進行三種取代率（0％、50％、100％）之飼糧配方下，發酵速率隨取代率增加有下降趨勢。控制組與NaOH處理組發酵後之總VFA濃度及MCP合成效率於CMS添加後皆上升，且氨態氮濃度顯著提高（p < 0.01），但以AHP組完全取代盤固乾草時，其乙酸及丙酸濃度顯著下降（p < 0.01）。杏鮑菇栽培殘基之發酵參數值與香菇具相似之結果。在使用AHP處理之成品部分取代盤固乾草下，其發酵後各VFA濃度、氨態氮及MCP合成效率於CMS添加後均顯著上升（p < 0.01；p < 0.01；p < 0.05）。但使用控制組及NaOH處理組取代時，其發酵產生之VFA及MCP合成效率則有下降的現象，顯示不同鹼化處理方式可能對CMS之搭配效果有影響。綜上所述，體外發酵評估之結果顯示，菇類太空包栽培殘基具有作為替代性芻料之潛能，各處理組可搭配其他快速利用之碳氮源與不同的取代率，以達到最好的效果。

關鍵字

太空包；菇類栽培殘基；鹼化處理；濃縮糖蜜發酵液；替代性芻料

並列摘要

The purpose of this research is to study an effective way to convert the spent mushroom substrate (SMS) into a source of ruminant feed, and evaluate the effect of its application in ruminant diets. Hope to provide a solution to the domestic waste problem of SMS and an alternative source for ruminant feed. Our research utilizes the SMS of Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus eryngii as the raw materials, and the digestion characteristics of the SMS in different treatments are evaluated by in vitro fermentation and gas production kinetics. In the first stage of our research, alkaline treatment is carried out in the following four ways: (1) Control (2) Add 50％NaOH to 5％ dry matter (3) Add 35％H2O2 to 3.5％ dry matter (4) AHP (50％NaOH and 35％H2O2). The sample was collected at the 0, 2, 4 and 7 day after treatment to evaluate the effects of chemical treatments on the structure and digestibility of SMS. In the second stage, the treatment period with better results is selected for 5％ condensed molasses solubles (CMS) supplementation to evaluate the effects after supplementing the rapidly available carbon and nitrogen source. In the third stage, the pongola hay is replaced with alkaline-treated SMS part or all in the total mixed ration (TMR) with CMS supplementation to find out the practical combinations. In addition, the gas production kinetics is simulated by a two phase exponential model to obtain the ratio of the rapid and slow degradation part and the degradation rate during the fermentation process. The concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia nitrogen and efficiency of microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis are analyzed to evaluate the effects of CMS supplementation and the replacement ratio on the energy and nitrogen balance in rumen fermentation. The results of our study show that the SMS of Lentinula edodes after NaOH and AHP treatment, reduce the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) about 10 to 15％. In addition, both treatments increase the in vitro digestibility at least 20％, and there is a higher concentration of VFA, ammonia nitrogen and efficiency of MCP synthesis at the 0 day. The SMS of Pleurotus eryngii after NaOH and AHP treatment also reduce the content of NDF and ADF about 5 to 10％. The in vitro digestibility also increase by 15％ in both treatments, but better results are showed on the 4th day of the treatment period. The slow degradation part for gas production and the degradation rate increase after NaOH and AHP treatment in both SMS, and a higher concentration of ammonia nitrogen and efficiency of MCP synthesis are also shown. The concentration of VFA and the efficiency of MCP synthesis are also increased in each treatment after CMS supplementation. The SMS of Lentinula edodes in three replacement ratios (0％, 50％, 100％) shows that the degradation rate decreases as the replacement ratio increases. The concentration of VFA, ammonia nitrogen and efficiency of MCP synthesis in each replacement also increased after CMS supplementation. However, the VFA concentration significantly decreases when the pongolagrass hay is 100％ replaced by AHP-treated SMS. The parameter values of the SMS of Pleurotus eryngii are similar to those of Lentinula edodes. After CMS supplementation, the synthesis of acetic acid, butyric acid, ammonia nitrogen and the efficiency of MCP synthesis tended to increase when the pongola hay is replaced with AHP-treated SMS, while the concentration of VFA and efficiency of MCP synthesis decreased after the replacement by control and NaOH-treated SMS. This indicates that different alkaline treatments may have different matching effects with CMS. In summary, the results obtained from in vitro evaluation show that SMS has the potential to be used as an alternative roughage source. Furthermore, different alkaline-treated SMS in different substitution ratios can be combined with other rapidly available carbon and nitrogen sources to achieve the best results.