我國政黨法制規範之研究

在代議民主政體中，政黨扮演國民意志形成之傳輸角色，整理、匯集、衡平社會意見，並加以轉換成政治綱領，成為國家與社會間重要的政治媒介。由於政黨在民主政治體制運作中扮演了極為重要的角色，如何健全政黨法制規範，建立政黨公平合理之良性競爭機制，並確保政黨之組織及運作符合民主原則，便成為一項非常重要的課題。我國政黨法立法前，有關政黨之規定散見於人民團體法、公職人員選舉罷免法、政治獻金法等法律。人民團體法有關政黨之規定甚為簡略，對於國家應如何促進政黨政治及保障政黨之地位，缺乏積極性規範，加以公職人員選舉罷免法與政治獻金法定有公費補助政黨及賦予政黨收受政治獻金之法源依據，卻未見有法律對政黨整體財務之申報及公開設計應有之配套措施，均有檢討改進之必要。 2017年12月6日政黨法在歷經17年討論後終於公布施行，外界對於政黨法能否達到立法之目的有所質疑。故本文將透過釐清政黨定位，瞭解我國現實政治社會環境系絡下對於政黨法制的需求，對於政黨法立法前政黨相關法律規範之缺失及政黨法立法過程中論爭的焦點，作一全面性的整理、檢討，並探討德國及韓國政黨法制重要規範內涵，以為我國政黨法制改革之參考與借鏡。

關鍵字

政黨；政黨法；人民團體法；韓國政黨法；德國政黨法；政黨獨立於國家之外原則；政黨民主原則

並列摘要

In a representative democracy, political parties play the role of transmission of the formation of the national will, collating, pooling, and weighing social opinions, and transforming them into political programs, becoming an important political medium between the state and society. Since political parties play an extremely important role in the operation of democratic political systems, how to improve the norms of political parties, establish a fair and reasonable benevolent competitive mechanism for political parties, and ensure that the organization and operation of political parties conform to democratic principles has become a very important issue. Before the legislation of Political Party Act in Taiwan, the provisions of the relevant political parties were scattered in Civil Associations Act, Civil Servants Election and Recall Act, and Political Donations Act. The provisions of the relevant parties of Civil Associations Act are very brief. There is no positive norm for how the state should promote party politics and protect the status of political parties. Political parties receive state subsidies and receive political contributions in accordance with the law, but there is no law that provides for the declaration and disclosure of political party finances. On December 6, 2017, Political Party Act was finally promulgated after 17 years of discussion. Some people have questioned whether Political Party Act can achieve the purpose of legislation. Therefore, This paper will clarify the position of political parties, analyze the focus of Political Party Act legislative process and the important normative connotations of German and South Korean Political Party Act, and then examine the lack and deficiency of Political Party Act as a reference for the future reform of Taiwan's Political Party Act.