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  • 學位論文

以禪修檢視與超越認知之障礙——以阿含經典與《解深密經》為主要依據

An Examination and Transcendence of the Hindrances to Cognition by Meditative Practices: According to the Āgama-sūtras and the Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra

指導教授 : 蔡耀明

摘要


本文的研究主題,在於以禪修作為主要的入手處,來探討眾生面對認知之障礙,可以帶出什麼樣的解決之道;以及在這樣的解決之道背後,有什麼樣的條理來支持。 首先,在本文一開始,一方面說明本文題目當中所涉及的關鍵概念;第二方面,說明一般世人可能如何理解認知之障礙,以及對於這些認知之障礙,佛教提供什麼樣的看待。 第二,透過阿含經典帶出佛教所施設的解脫道教學;在其中,涉及到認知之障礙的部分,可以分為幾個要點。首先,說明認知的障礙如何讓眾生受困於生死輪迴,以及產生什麼樣錯謬見解與困惑。其次,說明佛教解脫道如何以正確的見解來導向解脫。第三,帶出佛教解脫道針對見解所帶出的考察。第四,說明佛教解脫道如何透過禪修來導向解脫,並釐清心解脫、慧解脫與見解之間的關係。 第三,透過《解深密經》帶出佛教所施設的菩提道教學;在其中,涉及到認知與見解相關的部分,可以分為幾個要點。首先,透過勝義、世俗二諦的說明,指出言說的限制,以及對於言說的超越。其次,提出阿賴耶識作為說明眾生生死輪迴的主要依據,並說明阿賴耶識與分別式知覺的關係。第三,以三自性、三無自性,說明眾生面對一切法,可能形成怎麼樣錯誤的看待與做法;以及關聯地應該如何對治。最後,以禪修當中奢摩他、毗婆舍那乃至三摩地的施設,說明眾生如何透過認知的鍛煉,不僅開發導向解脫的智慧,甚至做到無上正等菩提。

並列摘要


This thesis aims to explore how meditative practices can be a way for sentient beings to transcend the hindrances to cognition. The first part of the thesis explains the key concepts used in the title, and also explains how ordinary people commonly understand the hindrances to cognition and how Buddhism would view those hindrances. The second part, based on the Āgama-sūtras, explains the Buddhist Path to Liberation, and four key issues related to the hindrances to cognition. First, how can those hindrances make sentient beings be trapped in saṃsāra, and what kinds of wrong views and confusion can be produced by those hindrances? Second, how can sentient beings use the right views to achieve the liberation? Third, what is the understanding about “view” in the Buddhist Path to Liberation? Fourth, how can one achieve the liberation by meditative practices, and what are the relations between liberation through mind (citta-vimukti), liberation through wisdom (prajñā-vimukti) and “view”? The final part explains the Buddhist Path to Enlightenment in Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra, and also four key issues about the hindrances to cognition. The first is about how to explain the limitation of language and how to transcend this kind of limitation by the explanation of worldly convention (loka-vrti) and the utmost meaning (paramârtha). Second, how one can use the concept of ālaya-vijñāna to explain saṃsāra, and what are the relations between saṃsāra and differentiating perception (vijñāna)? Third, what are the wrong views formed by the sentient beings when they face sarva-dharma and how can sentient beings dissolve those wrong views by the concepts of trividhā nihsvabhāvatā and tri-vidhā niḥsvabhāvatā? The fourth is about how one can use the meditative practices, including śamatha, vipaśyanā and samādhi, to cultivate the quality of cognition leading to the wisdom of liberation, and even to achieve the anuttarā samyak-saṃbodhiḥ.

參考文獻


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