邏輯救國論與現代中國文學

晚清民國時期，志在救國的知識分子認為：中國的重大缺陷之一，是中國人缺乏邏輯；缺乏邏輯的原因之一，是中文缺乏邏輯。他們發動一系列語言改革、文學運動，希望讓中文變得邏輯。在「邏輯救國論」的時代，中國知識分子如何「追求邏輯」？對「邏輯」的追求，為現代中文、現代中國文學帶來什麼影響？最重要的是，當他們追求「邏輯」時，他們究竟在追求什麼？藉由考察「邏輯」一詞的意涵在本土語境中生成與分化的歷史過程，本論文提出三種與「邏輯」最為相關的追求：「歐化」、「明晰」與「分析」。　　「歐化」指一種語法上的變化：讓中文變得像西文。「明晰」指一種理想的文體：讀者能一眼望穿，在第一時間獲得確定不移的理解。「分析」指存在能夠轉換自然語言的知識體系，如邏輯學、文法學；人們若掌握這類被認可的分析語言，將得以「說出道理來」。以上三種「邏輯」的意涵，與晚清以降西方邏輯學傳入中國時生成的關鍵概念有關。與「歐化」相關的，是「邏輯」一詞作為感受的使用。與「明晰」相關的，是嚴復名學體系強調的「正名」與「界說」。與「分析」相關的，是人們在邏輯教科書中反覆演練的「三段論」。文法學的確立，則有賴「歸納」方法的運用。本論文接著探討了邏輯與古文、邏輯與文法、邏輯與論說文三個議題。藉由分析章士釗「邏輯文學」在語言文體上的突破，我還原出現代文學史遺漏的一個重要階段：「歐化文言」。藉由追溯現代文法學的發生，我指出教育改革者講求文法的種種動力：邏輯／文法的普遍性、速成國文教育的需求、文言和白話的「類雙語」環境。藉由梳理1920年代論說文作法的相關論述，我發現作文教科書的作者們，嘗試以邏輯學概念和術語，指導說理文體的寫作，取代「不宜說理」的古文。總括來說，本論文通過將邏輯「歷史化」的研究進路，揭示「變得邏輯」乃中國文學面對現代衝擊做出的重要轉型。

關鍵字

邏輯；語言改革；中國現代文學；古文；文法；論說文

並列摘要

In late Qing and Republican China, intellectuals looking to save China opined that one vital weakness of Chinese people was their lack of logic, and that was the inevitable result of the lack of logic in the Chinese language. They launched a series of language reforms and literature movements in hopes of making Chinese logical. Through what ways did modern Chinese literati seek to be ‘logical’ during a period of national crisis? How did their quest for logic influence modern Chinese literature? Most importantly, what did they quest for when they quest for ‘luoji’(logic)? Through an investigation of the translation of the term ‘logic’ into Chinese and the evolution of its meanings, this study proposes three pursuits that were pivotal in the Chinese’s quest for logic – Europeanization, clarity, and the analytical capacity. ‘Europeanization’ refers to the transformations in syntax of making the Chinese language more similar to English. ‘Clarity’ implies the nature of an ideal language form which allows readers to obtain precise understanding at first glance. ‘Analytical capacity’ presents itself in the establishment of knowledge systems, such as logic and grammar, which possess the ability to analyze natural language. These pursuits were derived from key concepts that emerged following the dissemination of Western logic in modern China. On the bases of ‘Europeanization,’ ‘clarity,’ and ‘analytical capacity,’ this study explores three main topics in modern Chinese literature – logic and classical prose, logic and grammar, and logic and the argumentative essay. By excavating a once-important but now-forgotten literary genre, Zhangshi Zhao’s ‘logical literature,’ this study attempts to reconstruct a significant stage in modern literature – the Europeanized classical Chinese. By tracing the rise of modern grammar study, this research identifies the motivations of education revolutionaries in advocating a kind of prescriptive grammar, which include the appeal of the universality of logic-grammar, the demand for the acceleration of language education, and the semi-bilingual environment of classical and modern Chinese. By examining discourses on how to write argumentative essays prevalent in the 1920s, this study finds that writers attempted to instruct argumentative writing through logical terms and concepts, in the process seeking to replace the classical prose that was ‘not meant for reasoning.’ In conclusion, using a historicization approach this thesis proposes that ‘becoming logical’ was an essential transformation for Chinese literature as it confronted the modern challenge.