廢棄鋰離子電池回收處理技術評估

為因應世界新環境法規規範，發展出若干電池回收程序，大部分電池廢料皆可以物理或化學方法回收並於電池製程或其他工業中再次利用，此過程對環境影響甚巨，需有完善之廢電池回收程序，才可將廢棄電池之環境衝擊降至最低，值得審慎探討，目前二次鋰離子電池兼具有低資源化與去毒化等條件，其電池組成成分鋰、鈷金屬亦屬高價格原料，本研究針對廢棄鋰離子電池進行比較物理/化學回收處理技術原理及應用技術評估。此外，利用「生命週期評估」分析環境衝擊影響結果，包括：全球氣候變遷、酸化、優養化、生態系統、人類現況等潛能加以探討，依據各單元程序之原理、應用、優勢、劣勢等面向進行評析；再針對廢棄鋰離子電池中之貴重金屬回收效率、化學藥劑使用量、回收處理時間、能源消耗量及廢棄物產生量等3E(工程面、環境面、經濟面)評估指標進行處理單元技術評估，建議可行之物理化學回收處理單元程序。研究結果顯示，進行實驗室溶劑萃取實驗使用D2EHPA萃取劑於pH 5、萃取劑濃度為0.2 M，萃取時間為1小時，經萃取後30-40分鐘趨於穩定；此四種金屬的萃取百分比依序為：錳>鈷> 鎳>鋰（85% > 83% > 80% > 19%）。另使用P507萃取劑於pH 6、萃取劑濃度為0.2 ，4種金屬的萃取百分比依序為錳>鈷>鎳>鋰（97% > 95% > 94% > 2.7%）。本研究應用反應曲面法(Response Surface Methodology；RSM)推估di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA)萃取劑對鈷離子最適回收率為97.98%，其最佳操作條件pH值為5、萃取時間為55分鐘；最後再依據前述生命週期評估及3E(工程面、環境面、經濟面) 技術評估結果提出最適化處理系統技術，達成低成本、高效率、資源回收及二次公害之目標。

關鍵字

生命週期評估； 3E(工程面、環境面、經濟面) ；反應曲面法；最適化處理系統

並列摘要

Spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) contain lots of valuable metals such as aluminum, cobalt, copper, lithium, manganese, and nickel. The separation and recovery of cobalt and lithium among these metal mixtures are attractive due to their comparatively high price. However, the energy consumption and chemical additives would lead to additional environmental impacts. In this study, eight different scenarios of LIBs recovery technologies were evaluated from the engineering, environmental and economic (3E) aspects. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was implemented in Umberto, and the Eco-invent database in Umberto was used to assess the environmental impact of various LIB recovery technologies. Impact categories including IPCC 2007, Impact 2002+, and CML 2001 were selected. Various impact factors, e.g., global warming, climate change potential, ecosystem quality, human health, aquatic acidification, eutrophication potential and human toxicity, were evaluated for various scenarios. The results indicated that the use of a strong acid could achieve high leaching efficiency, but generation of Cl2, NOx and SOx may cause environmental problems. The addition of HCl would have a greater impact than that of NH2OH and H2SO4, of which the potential was 0.021 kg SO2-Eq for acidification, 0.017 kg CO2-Eq for climate change (GWP-100a), 0.015 kg NOx for eutrophication, 0.0164 kg 1,4-DCB for human health (HTP-100a), and 0.00058 kg ethylene. In addition, since the chemical extraction would result in the greatest impacts on environment, the solvent extraction of Li, Co, Mn, and Ni from spent LIBs was carried out using sodium - di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (Na-D2EHPA) and mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (Na-P507) dissolved in kerosene. The results indicated that the percentage extraction for the metal ions including Li, Co, Mn, and Ni increased as the increase of equilibrium pH. In addition, Mn was preferentially extracted over Li, Co, and Ni with the extractants, where the maximized separation factor was operated under an O/A ratio of 1:1 was maximized with 1.0 M D2EHPA at an equilibrium pH value of 3.5. Lastly, according to the 3E analysis and response surface methodology, the optimum operations of physico-chemical processes for LIB recovery were proposed.

並列關鍵字

life-cycle analysis ； Umberto ； solvent extraction ； D2EHPA ； P507

參考文獻

黃玠然，2011，「永續發展導向之臺灣電力政策分析」，國立臺灣大學工學院環境工程研究所碩士論文。

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Chagnesa, Alexandre and Pospiech, Beata , 2013. A brief review on hydrometallurgical technologies for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries, J Chem Technol Biotechnol; 88: 1191–1199.

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廢棄鋰離子電池回收處理技術評估

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