臺灣景觀樹木容器苗生產關鍵技術之探討

The Key Techniques for Producing Container-grown Seedlings of Woody Ornamental Plants in Taiwan

謝孟諺(Meng-Yen Hsieh)

指導教授 ： 張育森

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/園藝暨景觀學系/碩士(2014年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2014.01244

摘要

景觀樹木在園藝產業上具有相當重要之地位，其生產潛力相當可觀。為獲得高品質苗木產品，容器苗為最直接的生產方式，並已成為世界之趨勢。本論文首先以問卷方式對臺灣景觀苗圃業者進行產業技術調查，進而接著研究數種不同育苗容器對景觀苗木生長之影響，並探討田土混合數種常見栽培介質配方對景觀容器苗生長之影響，期能提供產業所需資訊，促進容器苗生產技術之升級。
　　產業調查結果顯示，多數景觀苗圃業者採用多樣化的經營型態，同時經營不同階段與規格之苗木生產，產業無分工之情形。苗木產業容器化比例偏低(僅36%以下)，其中多數業者採假植型方式生產容器苗，將苗木移至容器且馴化後出貨。國內業者主要以不織布袋生產容器苗木，鮮少業者使用塑膠盆。容器苗介質種類部分，大多使用田土作為主要介質，僅部分業者混合稻殼、腐植堆肥與粗砂等改良田土特性栽培苗木。此外，實際分析業者苗木栽培上遭遇問題，苗圃業者約79%認為生產成本過高，47%認為病蟲害嚴重，較少業者提及技術方面問題。對照歐美國家的技術，臺灣景觀苗圃產業相對落後，且多數苗圃業者仍不具有「優質優價」的觀念，對生產方式僅以簡便與低成本因素做為考量，在技術問題的認知與實際栽培現況仍有許多改進的空間。
　　容器試驗選用控根空氣盆(air pot, AP)、不織布袋(non-woven fabric bag, NWB)、塑膠盆(plastic pot, PP)及塑膠盆中盆(plastic pot-in pot, PIP) 4種容器，以地上容器苗方式栽培樟樹[Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl.]、烏心石[Michelia compressa (Maxim.) Sargent.]、土肉桂[Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira.]、水黃皮[Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre ex Merr.]及光蠟樹[Fraxinus griffithii C. B. Clarke]等常見景觀樹木中苗。結果顯示AP之植株在生長量與生長指標中表現最佳，氧氣擴散速率最高，然而其缺點為成本過高，且臺灣取得不易。NWB處理在本試驗中亦具有良好的氧氣擴散速率，其處理植株整體而言品質尚佳，價格低廉且方便取得，惟對根系無阻隔功能，長期使用可能有根系鑽出或內部盤根之慮。PP於試驗過程發現偶而會有排水不良之情形，且其在試驗後檢測氧氣擴散速率偏低，因此推測長期以PP栽培大型景觀苗木會造成植株生長逆境，故其整體效果差，苗木品質低落。PIP雖能有效降低土溫，但材質亦為塑膠盆，使苗木生長情形不佳，與PP類似。
　　以田土(soil, S)、田土:稻殼=1:1 (v/v) (soil+rice hull, S+RH)、田土:泥炭苔=1:1 (v/v) (soil+peatmoss, S+P)及田土:椰纖=1:1 (v/v) (soil+coir, S+C) 4種介質配方種植上述臺灣常見之景觀苗木中苗。介質性狀方面，S在栽培前之密度大、保水性與通氣性差，栽培後之硬度大且氧氣擴散速率偏低，因此不適用於容器苗生產；S+RH之通氣性較高、硬度低而氧氣擴散速率高；S+P具有較高保水力且氧氣擴散速率良好。探討植株生長情形，S處理之各種苗木生長狀況皆不佳，顯示以純田土作為容器苗栽培介質對植株生長較不利，且其密度高常有過重情形，不利於容器苗調度。此外，各苗木種類對於介質特性要求不同，如樟樹、烏心石與水黃皮在透氣良好之介質中生長較佳，建議使用S+RH為介質進行栽培；而土肉桂與光蠟樹在保水性良好之介質生長較佳，建議使用S+P為介質栽培。 S+C之保水性與通氣性兼具，在喜通氣性或喜保水性之樹種中均有不錯之表現，因此當面臨對栽培介質特性喜好不甚瞭解之植株時，可用S+C做為一般容器苗生長之介質種類
　　總而言之，可歸納出臺灣景觀苗圃產業屬於相對粗放且技術落後之領域，其業者之認知與實際技術層面仍有許多可改進之處。在短期育苗中容器種類以AP表現最佳，NWB表現次之，若考量成本與短期成效，以NWB作為容器種類最為適合。介質種類選用方面，建議依照各樹種特性選用適當介質，若對植株偏好介質特性不熟稔，可選用通氣性與保水性兼具之介質進行栽培，如本試驗中之S+C，能確保苗木具有一定品質。

關鍵字

景觀樹木 ； 容器苗 ； 容器種類 ； 介質組成

並列摘要

Landscape woody ornamentals occupy an important place in the horticultural industry, and its potential of productivity is considerable. Cultivating tree seedlings in containers is the direct method of getting high-quality tree products, and has become a worldwide trend. The aims of this study are to first survey the techniques used in commercial nurseries in Taiwan, then to investigate the effect of different container types and substrate compositions on the growth of trees. It is hoped that this study would provide practical information for nursery owners for upgrading the technology of container tree seedling productions in Taiwan.
　　The results of industry survey showed that: most nurseries produce tree seedlings at every stage of cultivation. This indicates that the division of laboring is lacking in landscape nursery industry in Taiwan. In addition, the majority of the nursery owners (64%) still cultivate field-grown seedlings, and only about 36% of the nursery owners apply containerized production. The majority of container trees produced in Taiwan are dug up from the ground, and acclimated in containers for sale. Regarding container types, most nursery owners cultivate tree seedlings in non-woven fabric bags, while some use plastic pots. The substrate used by most nursery owners is field soil, and only in some cases is the substrate property improved by mixing field soil with rice hull, humic substances, and sand. With regards to difficulties encountered during landscape tree production, 79% of nursery owners reported high costs and 49% reported pests as being problem factors, whereas only a small number of nursery owners mentioned problems with cultivation techniques. Compared with the European and American countries, the technique used in tree production is less advanced in Taiwan. Most nursery owners in Taiwan take into account mainly cost minimization and convenience in the production of tree seedlings, while less emphasis is given on product quality. Thus there is still much room for improvement in the techniques and actual status of landscape tree production in Taiwan.
　　In an experiment investigating the effect of container type, air pot (AP), non-woven bag (NWB), plastic pot (PP) and plastic pot-in pot (PIP) were used for cultivation of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl., Michelia compressa (Maxim.) Sargent., Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira., Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre ex Merr. and Fraxinus griffithii C. B. Clarke seedlings. Plants grown in AP performed best both growth rate and growth index, and the substrate in the AP treatment had the highest oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) in the experiment. However, the high cost and difficulty of obtaining AP may make it difficult to popularize its use in Taiwan. NWB treatment also resulted in relatively high ODR, and the plants treated with NWB performed fine. NWB is inexpensive and easy to get in Taiwan, but it may cause root circling or the problem of roots penetrating the container and growing into the ground when using for a long time. In the PP treatment, poor drainage is sometimes observed and low ODR is detected in the substrates. Thus, the use of PP may cause stress to plants in the long run, resulting in poorer overall quality of the product. Even though the use of PIP was found to effectively decrease substrate temperature, the plastic pots used resulted in poor growth similar to that when PP was used.
　　In an experiment investigating the effect of substrate composition, soil (S), soil:rice hull = 1:1 (v/v) (S+RH), soil:peatmoss = 1:1 (v/v) (S+P) and soil:coir = 1:1 (v/v) (S+C) were used for cultivation of C. camphora, M. compressa, C. osmophloeum, P. pinnata and F. griffithii seedlings in NWB. Investigation of substrate properties showed that S had the highest density with poor water holding capacity and low air-filled porosity. After a period of cultivation, S had the highest degree of hardness and the lowest ODR among the four substrates. The substrate S+RH had the highest air filled porosity among the four substrates, as well as low hardness and high oxygen diffusion rate ODR. The substrate S+P had high container capacity and high ODR. As for plant growth performance, all types of plants grew poorly in S treatment, and it can be concluded that is not suitable to use only S as substrate to cultivate tree seedlings. Moreover, due the high density of S, it is not easy to transport in bulk container seedlings with only S as substrate. Moreover, seedlings of different species require different substrate properties. In this experiment, C. camphora, M. compressa and P. pinnata favored S+RH, which is a ventilated substrate, while C. osmophloeum and F. griffithii favored S+P, which is a substrate with high water retention. The substrate S+C has both retention and ventilation properties, and resulted in good quality in plants favoring retention or ventilation. Therefore, if the preferred substrate of the trees is unclear, S+C might be applicable as a general substrate for container tree seedlings.
　　It can be concluded from the results above: 1.) Woody ornamental nurseries in Taiwan is still relatively backward within the horticultural industry, and there is still much room for improvement on nursery owners’ perception and the actual technical aspect. 2.) In this research, AP is the best container for cultivation of tree seedlings, and NWB is the next. Considering the cost and acquirement, NWB is the most suitable container for the cultivation of tree seedlings in the short run. 3.) It is better to apply substrates in accordance with plant preference for cultivation of container tree seedlings. If the preference for substrate is unknown, substrates with retention and ventilation such as S+C in this experiment can be used to produce good quality tree seedlings.

並列關鍵字

woody ornamental plant ； container seedling ； container type ； substrate composition

參考文獻

王瑞章、孫文章、謝桑煙. 1998. 苗木容器栽培技術. 臺南區農業專訊 26:3-8.

張旻宜. 2008. 盆中盆育苗模式及反射光譜技術在苗木生產之應用. 國立臺灣大學園藝學系碩士論文. 臺北.

許原瑞、蔡佳彬. 2011. 苗圃管理與苗木健化－介質、肥料及水分管理. 林業研究專訊 18:11-14.

黃瀞頤. 2011. 土壤介質添加保水劑對花壇植物生育及水分利用之影響. 國立臺灣大學園藝暨景觀學系碩士論文. 臺北.

黃正翰. 2011. 公共工程常用植栽手冊. 4th ed. 財團法人臺灣營建研究院. 新北.