董仲舒禮治思想研究

本篇論文研究董仲舒思想中的禮觀念在其思想系統中所呈現的特色，藉以了解禮觀念在西漢中葉產生的變化，以及其與其他觀念之間產生的互動。本文採用觀念史的研究方法，試圖對董仲舒著作中的禮字用例進行完全的研究，從中說明該觀念的目的、效果、實行者等諸多方面，並探討其與董仲舒思想中其他重要觀念之間產生的關聯。本文的目標是透過對這個觀念的研究，能夠了解董仲舒思想中極具特色的天的哲學、陰陽五行理論以及春秋學傳統如何影響其禮觀念。本文首先探討歷來董仲舒研究當中關於禮的相關研究成果。隨後，我們對於充滿爭議的《春秋繁露》一書的真偽問題提出我們的立場與依據。在此以後論文分為兩個部分：在第一部分，我們就《賢良對策》與《春秋繁露》中所有出現的禮字用例做完整的檢驗，說明其意義、對象及與其他觀念的關係。隨後在第二部分，我們提出三個董仲舒禮觀念中的主題：天與禮的關係、禮與教化的關係以及禮的經與變、文與質。透過這些主題我們說明董仲舒的禮觀念一方面傳承於先秦儒學的傳統，同時也因其自身哲學系統而從傳統論述中有所突破。這些突破可以總結為以下三點：首先，董仲舒的禮論具有「體人情」、「象天書」的特質，與天命、陰陽、氣論等思想融合，同時又奠基於傳統儒學對禮體情養欲的語境。其次，董仲舒的禮對教化有重要的意義：禮透過對於心的教化，使待教而善的人性完善自己從天而來的屬性。最後，董仲舒對於禮在公羊學和古典儒學中出現的議題，如經變之說、文質之辯，也提出了新穎的觀點和論述。

關鍵字

董仲舒；禮；漢代儒學；陰陽；春秋

並列摘要

The present study aims at elucidating the idea of li, usually interpreted as ritual and propriety, as presented in the philosophical system of Dong Zhongshu. Through this study, we seek to understand the changes that the idea of li has gone through during the middle of the Early Han dynasty and how it interacted with other key ideas. Primarily we employ the methodology of history of ideas, thereby trying to investigate thoroughly every usage of the term li in Dong’s writings. From this we will explain the purpose, consequence and practitioners of the li, among other aspects, and discuss how it is related to the other ideas of Dong. We intend to discover how the characteristic philosophy of Tian, the Yin and Yang, the Five Phases and the scholarship of the Chunqiu of Dong could shed new lights in the idea of li. This paper starts with a review of past studies about the idea of li in Dong Zhongshu, followed by an analysis of the controversial status of the Chunqiu Fanlu and how we will be using the text. After this, the paper is divided into two parts. In the first part, we will examine thoroughly every usage of the term li in both the Responses and the Chunqiu Fanlu, explaining its meanings, subjects and its relations with other ideas. Then in the second part, we will discuss three main topics related to Dong’s idea of li: its relation with Tian (or heaven), its manner of educating the people through the heart-mind (xin) and its own proper notion of jingquan (經權, normality and equity) and wenzhi (文質, form and goal). Through these topics we mean to illustrate that Dong was capable of a solid discourse based on traditional Confucian notions of rituals and at the same time of a breakthrough within his own philosophical system. We summarize this breakthrough in the following: first, the li in Dong’s thought is characterized by the two-fold notion of “attaching to the qing (affection, facts)” and “imitation of the heavenly number”, associating itself with concepts like yin-yang, the Five Phases and the qi, yet at the same time holding firm the idea that li exists to temperate the human affections. Secondly, Dong’s li is important for his goal of education (jiaohua 教化), particularly through its effects on the heart-mind, helping the people to achieve their original nature endowed by the Tian. Lastly, Dong proposed original positions and arguments for two traditional topics on the li, namely the issue of equity and the relation between the form and goal of the li.